The Veterinary clinics of North America. Food animal practice
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Vet. Clin. North Am. Food Anim. Pract. · Mar 2013
ReviewBovine dehorning: assessing pain and providing analgesic management.
Dehorning or disbudding in cattle is performed for a variety of reasons using various methods. Pain associated with this procedure has been mostly evaluated through behavioral, physiologic, and neuroendocrine changes following dehorning. ⋯ The administration of sedatives with analgesic properties has been indicated in the attenuation of the acute phase of pain associated with dehorning. Following a literature review, this article recommends a multimodal approach to analgesia for dehorning procedures, including the use of a local anesthetic and anti-inflammatory and, when possible, a sedative-analgesic.
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Vet. Clin. North Am. Food Anim. Pract. · Mar 2013
ReviewA review of analgesic compounds used in food animals in the United States.
Extralabel drug use for pain relief in the United States is regulated under the Animal Medicinal Drug Use Clarification Act. Agents that may provide analgesia in livestock include local anesthetics, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, opioids, α2-agonists, and N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonists. The challenges associated with providing pain relief in food animals and the salient pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic features of the analgesic compounds that could potentially be used in livestock are reviewed. The potential use of novel agents such as bicarbonate, magnesium, ethanol, and gabapentin to augment analgesia is also discussed.
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Vet. Clin. North Am. Food Anim. Pract. · Mar 2013
ReviewAssessment and management of pain in small ruminants and camelids.
Many disease processes and management procedures of small ruminants have the potential to result in painful or noxious stimuli. There are a variety of medications and interventions that can be used to minimize the long-term consequences of pain in these species. The first portion of this article focuses on the commonly used medications available for pain management of small ruminants and discusses the benefits and side effects to their use. The second portion of the article focuses on the management of pain associated with common diseases or procedures of these species.
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Vet. Clin. North Am. Food Anim. Pract. · Mar 2013
ReviewExtralabel use of anesthetic and analgesic compounds in cattle.
The need for drugs for sedation, anesthesia, or analgesia in cattle is relatively common in bovine practice. Because almost nothing is specifically approved for anesthesia or analgesia in cattle, the administration of most of these drugs represents extralabel drug use. The primary purpose of this article is to discuss the pharmacokinetics of the main drugs used for sedation, anesthesia, or analgesia in cattle, including information on meat and milk withdrawal where possible.