Cleveland Clinic journal of medicine
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The cornerstones of the evaluation of cardiac risk in patients undergoing noncardiac surgery remain a thorough history and physical examination, and a resting electrocardiogram. However, new techniques to assess cardiac function allow more complete evaluation of high-risk patients.
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Patients with pre-existing pulmonary disease and certain other conditions are at increased risk of postoperative pulmonary complications. This article surveys how internists can identify high-risk patients clinically, use pulmonary function studies, use specific therapy to reduce risk, and manage postoperative complications.