Cleveland Clinic journal of medicine
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Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is mainly a clinical diagnosis based on typical symptoms of heartburn and acid regurgitation. Current guidelines indicate that patients with typical symptoms should first try a proton pump inhibitor (PPI). If reflux symptoms persist after 8 weeks on a PPI, endoscopy of the esophagus is recommended, with biopsies taken to rule out eosinophilic esophagitis. This review discusses the evidence for different medical, endoscopic, and surgical therapies and presents a management algorithm.
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The cornerstone of preventive migraine treatment has long been drugs developed for other diseases such as epilepsy, depression, and hypertension. But a new set of drugs is available for preventing migraine attacks: erenumab, galcanezumab, fremanezumab, and eptinezumab. These monoclonal antibodies target calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) or its receptors, each a key molecule in the pathophysiology of migraine.