Nutrition
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Randomized Controlled Trial
Glycemic response to carbohydrate and the effects of exercise and protein.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of pre-exercise and protein coingestion on the glycemic response to carbohydrates. ⋯ Coingestion of protein with carbohydrate reduces glycemic response and increases insulinemic response in healthy subjects, whereas pre-exercise seems to have no effect.
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CD8αα(+) T-cell receptor (TCR) αβ(+) intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) were found to have a regulatory function in the mucosal immune system. Glutamine (GLN) is an amino acid with immunomodulatory effects. The aim of this study was to investigate the influences of GLN on the proportion of CD8αα(+) TCRαβ(+) IELs and associated inflammatory mediator gene expression in polymicrobial sepsis. ⋯ A single dose of GLN administered after the initiation of sepsis increased the percentage of CD8αα(+) TCRαβ(+) IELs, prevented apoptosis of CD8αα(+) TCRαβ(+) IELs, and downregulated CD8αα(+) TCRαβ(+) IEL-expressed inflammatory mediators. These results suggest that GLN influenced the distribution and cytokine secretion of the CD8αα(+) TCRαβ(+) IEL subset, which may ameliorate sepsis-induced inflammatory reactions and thus mitigate the severity of intestinal epithelial injury.
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Lung infection caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa is associated with an exuberant inflammatory response, oxidative stress, and lung damage. Whey protein is a rich source of cysteine, and anti-inflammatory and immune-enhancing peptides. Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of whey are augmented by hyperbaric pressure treatment. In this study, we tested whether dietary supplementation with pressurized whey protein enhances the host ability to clear P. aeruginosa infection compared with native (i.e., unpressurized) whey. ⋯ Use of nutritionally derived substances with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, such as pressurized whey, aids in limiting airway bacterial infection, particularly, under conditions of ongoing oxidative stress.
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Editorial Comment
Food frequency questionnaires: Small associations and large errors.
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Randomized Controlled Trial
Short-term folinic acid supplementation improves vascular reactivity in HIV-infected individuals: a randomized trial.
HIV-infected individuals present a cluster of conditions that activate or injure the vascular endothelium. The administration of folates may exert beneficial effects on endothelial function in different populations at risk for cardiovascular disease. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of 4 wk of folinic acid supplementation on forearm vascular responses during reactive hyperemia in HIV-infected patients under highly active antiretroviral therapy. ⋯ Short-term folinic acid supplementation improved vascular reactivity in HIV-infected individuals enrolled in the studied. As folate supplementation is safe and relatively inexpensive, long-term clinical trials should be conducted.