Nutrition
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Multicenter Study
Non-interventional, retrospective data of long-term home parenteral nutrition in patients with benign diseases: Analysis of a nurse register (SERECARE).
The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of home parenteral nutrition (HPN) service in patients with benign chronic intestinal failure (CIF). ⋯ The use of a structured register has proved to be a key strategy for monitoring the outcomes of long-term treatment, improving time efficiency, and preventing potential malpractice. To our knowledge, this is the largest survey ever documented; the results were consistent despite the heterogeneity of the centers because of duly applied standard rules and protocols.
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Alterations in amino acid and protein metabolism-particularly in skeletal muscle-are a key feature of cancer that contributes to the cachexia syndrome. Thus, skeletal muscle protein turnover is characterized by an exacerbated rate of protein degradation, promoted by an activation of different proteolytic systems that include the ubiquitin-proteasome and the autophagic-lysosomal pathways. These changes are promoted by both hormonal alterations and inflammatory mediators released as a result of the systemic inflammatory response induced by the tumor. ⋯ Different inflammatory mediators-either released by the tumor or by the patient's healthy cells-are responsible for the activation of these catabolic processes that take place in skeletal muscle and in other tissues/organs, such as liver or adipose tissues. Indeed, white adipose tissue is also subject to extensive wasting and "browning" of some of the white adipocytes into beige cells; therefore increasing the energetic inefficiency of the patient with cancer. Recently, an interest in the role of micromRNAs-either free or transported into exosomes-has been related to the events that take place in white adipose tissue during cancer cachexia.
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Intake of antioxidants may reduce the risk for type 2 diabetes (T2D) by reducing oxidative stress. However, it is unclear whether dietary non-enzymatic antioxidant capacity (NEAC), which represents the cumulative action of dietary antioxidants and their synergistic effects in foods, is associated with decreased T2D risk. The aim of this study was to investigate the associations between dietary NEAC and T2D. ⋯ This finding suggests that dietary NEAC may not be appreciably associated with T2D in Japanese adults.
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Observational Study
Long-term changes in nutritional status are associated with functional and mortality outcomes among community-living older adults.
Older adults who are malnourished are at high risk for adverse functional and mortality outcomes. The aim of this study was to assess the long-term changes in nutritional status among community-living older adults and their associations with adverse health outcomes. ⋯ Changes in nutritional status are associated with adverse health outcomes, and should be monitored with simple screening tools to identify older adults at high risk for adverse functional and mortality outcomes for selective nutritional interventions.
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Randomized Controlled Trial Comparative Study
Differences in energy expenditure in human donor milk versus formula milk in preterm newborns: A crossover study.
The aim of this study was to compare the ratio between energy expenditure and caloric density in human donor milk versus formula milk in preterm newborn infants. ⋯ Formula milk produced a better metabolic response than human donor milk. Human donor milk with higher caloric content showed no difference from formula, so the use of human donor milk with more caloric density should be reinforced.