Nutrition
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Review Meta Analysis
Sex differences in orthorexic eating behaviors: A systematic review and meta-analytical integration.
Other than the ongoing debate about the epidemiologic and clinical relevance of pathologically healthful eating, a phenomenon called orthorexia nervosa, there is not much consensus about sex differences in prevalence rates. The aim of this study was to provide a systematic review and meta-analytical combination of derived data to better conceptualize the presence and size of sex differences in the prevalence and levels of orthorexic eating behaviors and orthorexia nervosa. ⋯ The findings indicate that, depending on the instrument in use, tendencies toward healthy eating are comparable between the genders, although pathologically healthful eating is slightly more pronounced in women. Future studies will have to adopt valid criteria for diagnosing Orthorexia nervosa and investigate additional factors contributing to pathologic healthful eating and orthorexia nervosa.
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Multicenter Study Comparative Study
Comparison of three nutritional screening tools for predicting mortality in maintenance hemodialysis patients.
The aim of this study was to compare the effect of different nutritional screening tools on predicting the risk for mortality in patients on maintenance hemodialysis (MHD). ⋯ Each of the three nutritional screening tools was significantly associated with an increased risk for all-cause and CV mortality. The mortality predictability of the MIS was similar to the GNRI and greater than the OSND.
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Randomized Controlled Trial
Efficacy of ω-3 supplementation on nutritional status, skeletal muscle, and chemoradiotherapy toxicity in cervical cancer patients: A randomized, triple-blind, clinical trial conducted in a middle-income country.
Supplementation with ω-3 has been shown to favor the preservation of body weight and skeletal muscle. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of ω-3 supplementation on nutritional status, skeletal muscle quantity and quality, and toxicity for treatment of women with cervical cancer. ⋯ The results suggest that ω-3 supplementation is effective in maintaining nutritional status, skeletal muscle quality, and reduced symptoms of chemoradiotherapy among women with cervical cancer.
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Review
Effects of weight loss and sarcopenia on response to chemotherapy, quality of life, and survival.
It has frequently been shown that patients with cancer are one of the largest hospital patient groups with a prevalence for malnutrition. Weight loss is a frequent manifestation of malnutrition in patients with cancer. Several large-scale studies over the past 35 y have reported that involuntary weight loss affects 50% to 80% of these patients with the degree of weight loss dependent on tumor site and type and stage of disease. ⋯ Recently the use of gold-standard methods of body composition assessment, including computed tomography, have led to an increased understanding of the importance of muscle abnormalities, such as low muscle mass (sarcopenia), and more recently low muscle attenuation, as important prognostic indicators of unfavourable outcomes in patients with cancer. Muscle abnormalities are highly prevalent (ranging from 10-90%, depending on cancer site and the diagnostic criteria used). Both low muscle mass and low muscle attenuation have been associated with poorer tolerance to chemotherapy; increased risk of postoperative complications; significant deterioration in a patients' performance status, and poorer psychological well-being, overall quality of life, and survival.
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Caffeine is a popular and widely consumed sporting ergogenic aid. Over the years, the effects of different caffeine doses have been researched, with the general consensus being that 3 to 6 mg/kg of caffeine represents the optimal dose for most people. Recently, there has been increased attention placed on lower (≤3 mg/kg) caffeine doses, with some research suggesting these doses are also ergogenic. ⋯ Although low caffeine doses do appear to bestow ergogenic effects, these effects have not been adequately compared with the currently accepted best practice dose of 3 to 6 mg/kg. This methodological oversight limits the practical conclusions we can extract from the research into the efficacy of lower doses of caffeine, as the relative ergogenic benefits between low and recommended doses remains unclear. Here, we examine existing research with a critical eye, and provide recommendations both for those looking to use caffeine to enhance their performance, and those conducting research into caffeine and sport.