Nutrition
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Review
Current opinion on dietary advice in order to preserve fat-free mass during a low-calorie diet.
The loss of fat-free mass (FFM) that occurs during weight loss secondary to low-calorie diet can lead to numerous and deleterious consequences. We performed a review to evaluate the state of the art on metabolic and nutritional correlates of loss of fat free mass during low calorie diet and treatment for maintaining fat free mass. ⋯ Considering protein and amino acids intake, an adequate daily intake of leucine (4 g/d) and whey protein (20 g/d) is recommended. Regarding vitamin D, if the blood vitamin D has low values (<30 ng/mL), it is mandatory that adequate supplementation is provided, specifically calcifediol, because in the obese patient this form is recommended to avoid seizure in the adipose tissue; 3 to 4 drops/d or 20 to 30 drops/wk of calcifediol are generally adequate to restore normal 25(OH)D plasma levels in obese patients.
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Randomized Controlled Trial
Consumption of a meal containing refined barley flour bread is associated with a lower postprandial blood glucose concentration after a second meal compared with one containing refined wheat flour bread in healthy Japanese: A randomized control trial.
Foods reducing postprandial hyperglycemia could suppress the postprandial blood glucose response after the next meal (a "second-meal" effect). However, the second-meal effect of refined barley flour bread has not been evaluated. The aim of this study is to determine whether consumption of refined barley flour bread reduces postprandial glucose concentrations after this and the subsequent meal. ⋯ Consumption of bread made with refined barley flour lowers postprandial blood glucose concentration after this and a subsequent meal compared with the consumption of refined wheat flour bread in healthy young Japanese adults.
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Randomized Controlled Trial
Effects of cholecalciferol supplementation on serum angiogenic biomarkers in breast cancer patients treated with tamoxifen: A controlled randomized clinical trial.
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of cholecalciferol supplementation on serum levels of angiogenic parameters in patients with breast cancer (BC) who were treated with tamoxifen. ⋯ Cholecalciferol supplementation achieved sufficient efficacy among patients with BC taking tamoxifen and could be effective in the reduction of angiogenic biomarkers particularly dependent on the infiltration status of the tumor to vessels. Further studies with larger subgroups should be investigated.
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Review
Association between Low Muscle Mass and Survival in Incurable Cancer Patients: A Systematic Review.
Current data suggest that low skeletal muscle mass provides prognostic information in patients with cancer and may even be considered a biomarker in research and clinical evaluations. The aim of this systematic review was to explore whether low muscle mass is associated with overall survival (OS) in patients with incurable cancer. A systematic search was conducted for published literature using PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, LILACS, and the Cochrane Library, with no restrictions on language or publication date, to examine whether low muscle mass is associated with OS in patients with incurable cancer. ⋯ Four studies reported that overweight or obese patients with muscle mass depletion had significantly shorter OS. These results indicate that there is insufficient evidence to associate low muscle mass with OS in patients with incurable cancer. Further studies deploying other muscle measurement methods suggest that use of low muscle mass cutoff alone is still necessary in the pursuit of OS prediction in this population.
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Observational Study
Sensitive and practical screening instrument for malnutrition in patients with chronic kidney disease.
The aims of this study were to examine the diagnostic accuracy of the Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool (MUST) and the Patient-Generated Subjective Global Assessment Short Form (PG-SGA-SF) for detecting malnutrition in chronic kidney disease (CKD), study individual contributions of MUST and PG-SGA screening items to the explained variance in nutritional status (NS), and examine whether the PG-SGA-SF score, in combination with one of the items of the clinician's part of the cPG-SGA, can be used as a valid and compact nutrition assessment tool in patients with CKD. ⋯ Most malnourished patients with CKD failed to be identified with the MUST, whereas the PG-SGA-SF detected the majority of them with the screening item "NIS" having the highest individual contribution to the explained variance in NS. Combination of PG-SGA-SF with the item "metabolic stress" had the highest overall accuracy to detect malnutrition.