Nutrition
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The physiological regulation of total body water and fluid concentrations is complex and dynamic. The human daily water requirement varies because of differences in body size, dietary solute load, exercise, and activities. Although chronically concentrated urine increases the risk of renal diseases, an empirical method to determine inadequate daily water consumption has not been described for any demographic group; instead, statistical analyses are applied to estimate nutritional guidelines (i.e., adequate intake). This investigation describes a novel empirical method to determine the 24-h total fluid intake (TFI; TFI = water + beverages + moisture in food) and 24-h urine volume, which correspond to inadequate 24-h water intake (defined as urine osmolality of 800 mOsm/kg; U800). ⋯ The U800 method could be employed to empirically determine 24-h TFI and 24-h urine volumes that correspond to inadequate water intake in diverse demographic groups, residents of specific geographic regions, and individuals who consume specialized diets or experience large daily water turnover. Because laboratory expertise and instrumentation are required, this technique provides greatest value in research and clinical settings.
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To assess the interaction of three single nucleotide polymorphisms in the C-reactive protein (CRP) gene and plasma fatty acid (FA) levels in modulating inflammatory profile. ⋯ The INF group exhibited changes in metabolic parameters that predispose this group to chronic disease, where polymorphisms in the CRP gene modulated the risk of being in the INF group depending on individual plasma fatty acid and lipid profile.
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Leucine has been reported to alter the gene expression of proteins, the activation of signaling components, and the fractional rates of protein synthesis in multiple organs of piglets. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of leucine on molecular mechanisms regulating protein synthesis and degradation in skeletal muscle and determine how these adaptations affect body weight gain in intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) pigs. ⋯ The present study identified a major role for leucine in the activation of the mTOR signaling pathway and reducing muscle atrophy in IUGR piglets, which contributed significantly to differences in body weight gain.
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Editorial Comment Letter
Carbohydrates for people with diabetes is not cautious.