Nutrition
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Multicenter Study
Association between dietary fiber and markers of systemic inflammation in the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study.
Systemic inflammation may play an important role in the development of atherosclerosis, type 2 diabetes, and some cancers. Few studies have comprehensively assessed the direct relations between dietary fiber and inflammatory cytokines, especially in minority populations. Using baseline data from 1958 postmenopausal women enrolled in the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study, we examined cross-sectional associations between dietary fiber intake and markers of systemic inflammation (including serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein [hs-CRP], interleukin-6 [IL-6], and tumor necrosis factor-alpha receptor-2 [TNF-alpha-R2]) in addition to differences in these associations by ethnicity. ⋯ These findings lend support to the hypothesis that a high-fiber diet is associated with lower plasma levels of IL-6 and TNF-alpha-R2. Contrary to previous reports, however, there was no association between fiber and hs-CRP among postmenopausal women. Future studies on the influence of diet on inflammation should include IL-6 and TNF-alpha-R2 and enroll participants from ethnic minorities.
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We investigated the effects of vitamin D treatment on plasma glucose, serum insulin, and insulin sensitivity in vitamin D-deficient individuals without diabetes mellitus. ⋯ In adults without diabetes, correction of vitamin D deficiency is not associated with any effect on blood glucose or insulin concentrations or insulin sensitivity as assessed during an oral glucose tolerance test. These observations do not support an association between glucose/insulin homeostasis and vitamin D, at least in the short term.
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Practice Guideline
AuSPEN clinical practice guideline for home parenteral nutrition patients in Australia and New Zealand.
Evidence based guidelines for home parenteral nutrition (HPN) were commissioned by the Australasian Society of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (AuSPEN) and developed by a multidisciplinary group. The guidelines make recommendations in four domains: patient selection, patient training, formulation and monitoring regimens, and preventing and managing complications. ⋯ Overall there is a lack of randomized control trials to provide high-quality evidence-based guidance but graded recommendations can be made. Multidisciplinary teams in centers with HPN management expertise are required for optimal care. This guideline should improve outcomes and quality of life for HPN patients in Australia and New Zealand.
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The objective of this study was to determine whether total serum carotenoids, alpha-tocopherol, selenium, and obesity were independently associated with oxidized low-density lipoproteins (ox-LDLs) in moderately to severely disabled older women living in the community. ⋯ Older women who are overweight or obese or who have low total serum carotenoids are more likely to have higher lipoprotein oxidation. Weight reduction in overweight/obese women and increased intake of carotenoid-rich foods may potentially reduce lipoprotein oxidation.
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Hypothalamic neuronal histamine and its H(1) receptor (H(1)-R), a leptin signaling pathway in the brain, regulate body weight and adiposity by affecting food intake and energy expenditure. Glucagon-like peptide-1 and/or corticotrophin-releasing hormone mediate leptin signaling to neuronal histamine. Leptin-induced suppression of food intake and upregulation of uncoupling protein-1 expression in brown adipose tissue were partially attenuated in histamine H(1)-R knockout (H(1)KO) mice. ⋯ Correction of these abnormal feeding rhythms with scheduled feeding improved the obesity and associated metabolic disorders in the H(1)KO mice. These findings suggest that histamine H(1)-R is crucial for regulating the feeding rhythm and in mediating the effects of leptin. Early disruption of H(1)-R-mediated functions in H(1)KO mice may lead to hyperphagia and decreased energy expenditure, which may contribute to the development of obesity in these animals.