Journal of neurotrauma
-
Journal of neurotrauma · Nov 2013
Substance P as a Mediator of Neurogenic Inflammation after Balloon Compression Induced Spinal Cord Injury.
Although clinical spinal cord injury (SCI) occurs within a closed environment, most experimental models of SCI create an open injury. Such an open environment precludes the measurement of intrathecal pressure (ITP), whose increase after SCI has been linked to the development of greater tissue damage and functional deficits. Raised ITP may be potentiated by edema, which we have recently shown to be associated with substance P (SP) induced neurogenic inflammation in both traumatic brain injury and stroke. ⋯ Histological assessment demonstrated decreased SP immunoreactivity in the injured spinal cord while NK1 receptor immunoreactivity initially increased before returning to sham levels. In addition, aquaporin 4 immunoreactivity increased early post-SCI, implicating this water channel in the development of edema after SCI. The changes described in the present study support a role for SP as a mediator of neurogenic inflammation after SCI.
-
Journal of neurotrauma · Nov 2013
Multicenter StudyAnalysis of Recruitment and Outcomes in the Phase I/IIa Cethrin Clinical Trial for Acute Spinal Cord Injury.
The Cethrin™ clinical trial was an open-label Phase I/IIa trial undertaken to assess the safety, tolerability, and neurological status of patients with acute spinal cord injury (SCI) who were treated with escalating doses of Cethrin, a therapeutic protein drug that inactivates Rho. Recruitment, motor scores, and data on adverse events of treated patients have been reported (Fehlings et al.).(24) While determining efficacy in a small open-label study is not possible, it is important to understand if the results warrant further clinical study, because clinical trial failures have wide ranging impacts. We have examined the clinical data to analyze time to recruitment and sensory outcomes, and compared the outcomes with available registry and placebo data. ⋯ An analysis of patients who recovered two motor levels or more suggests that there may be a larger responder population in the Cethrin-treated participants than in historical controls. We examined time to recruitment and found that the extent of motor and sensory recovery could not be explained by early surgery, and the Cethrin-treated patients showed favorable trends compared with the Surgical Timing in Acute SCI data. The trends reported here indicate that further study of Cethrin is warranted and provide useful guidance to establish effective clinical protocols.
-
Journal of neurotrauma · Nov 2013
Onset, Risk Factors, and Impact of Delirium in Patients with Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury.
Delirium is a commonly reported acute care adverse event in patients with traumatic spinal cord injury (TSCI), but studies specifically investigating it in this population are lacking. The purpose of this study was to characterize the onset, risk factors, and impact of delirium in patients with TSCI. Patients discharged between 2008 and 2010 were identified from a prospective registry in an acute SCI center. ⋯ Patients with delirium had significantly greater LOS than controls (median LOS=46.9 vs. 15.3 days respectively, p<0.0001). Elderly patients who sustain a TSCI and have a low motor score on admission are at increased risk of delirium. These results could contribute to the development of a screening program to address the problem of delirium in the TSCI population.
-
Journal of neurotrauma · Nov 2013
Rat Substrains Differ in the Magnitude of Spontaneous Locomotor Recovery and in the Development of Mechanical Hypersensitivity after Experimental Spinal Cord Injury.
A number of different rodent experimental models of spinal cord injury have been used in an attempt to model the pathophysiology of human spinal cord injury. As a result, interlaboratory comparisons of the outcome measures can be difficult. Further complicating interexperiment comparisons is the fact that the rodent response to different experimental models is strain-dependent. ⋯ The Harlan substrain did not show any signs of hypersensitivity in contrast to the Scanbur and Charles River substrains, which both showed transient reduction in paw withdrawal thresholds. Lastly, we found histological differences possibly explaining the observed behavioral differences. We conclude that in spite of being the same strain, there might be genetic differences that can influence outcome measures in experimental studies of spinal cord injury of Sprague-Dawley rats from different vendors.
-
Journal of neurotrauma · Oct 2013
Multicenter StudyClassification Accuracy of Serum Apo A-I and S100B for the Diagnosis of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury and Prediction of Abnormal Initial Head Computed Tomography Scan.
The objective of the current study was to determine the classification accuracy of serum S100B and apolipoprotein (apoA-I) for mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) and abnormal initial head computed tomography (CT) scan, and to identify ethnic, racial, age, and sex variation in classification accuracy. We performed a prospective, multi-centered study of 787 patients with mTBI who presented to the emergency department within 6 h of injury and 467 controls who presented to the outpatient laboratory for routine blood work. Serum was analyzed for S100B and apoA-I. ⋯ There was significant age and race-related variation in the accuracy of S100B for the diagnosis of mTBI. The combined use of serum S100B and apoA-I maximizes classification accuracy for mTBI, but only S100B is needed to classify abnormal head CT scan. Because of significant subgroup variation in classification accuracy, age and race need to be considered when using S100B to classify subjects for mTBI.