Der Schmerz
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An expert committee of the German Chapter of the IASP has published five recommendations for the prevention and early treatment of low back pain. These refer to an early activation of the patient facilitated by scheduled pain medication and an interdisciplinary treatment including physiotherapy and psychotherapy if risk factors for chronicity are detected.
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A consecutive series of 100 microneurosurgical revision operations on lumbar discs has been evaluated in a prospective and randomized clinical trial analyzing the influence of dexamethasone on postoperative clinical outcome. ⋯ After revision operations on lumbar discs, corticosteroids are a helpful adjuvant drug for relief of lumbar or radicular pain, but they do not significantly improve the final clinical outcome.
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Adjuvant analgesics are drugs that are not primarily used as analgesics but can produce analgesia in certain types of pain. Adjuvant analgesics can be administered together with non-opioid and opioid analgesics on each step of the WHO analgesic ladder. They should be given when an additional or specific indication exists, but should not be used as a substitute for a thorough treatment with opioids and nonopioids. ⋯ Biphosphonates (etidronate, clodronate, pamidronate derivates) also produce analgesic effects in patients with bone metastases. However, differences among the various compounds have not been clearly evaluated yet. Potent and specific radioisotopes are still under development and the use of calcitonin in bone pain is considered controversial.
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It has been demonstrated that intranasal opioid titration has a rapid onset of action and can provide satisfactory management of postoperative pain [10, 12, 14]. In these studies the intranasal titration was carried out by the investigator. Self-administration of an opioid intranasally by patients requires a spray bottle with safety precautions of an equivalent standard to those offered by an intravenous PCA device. We describe a device for patient-controlled intranasal analgesia (PCINA) that meets these safety requirements. ⋯ We conclude that the PCINA device presented fulfils the PCA device safety requirements. The bolus volume delivered by the device is precise and follows the manufacturer's specifications for flow rate and bolus volume. Initial.
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In this case report, we describe continuous subcutaneous infusion of opiates as PCAO (patient controlled analgesia in outpatients) in one patient with metastatic carcinoma of the rectum (liver and bone metastases, partial bowel obstruction) with severe cancer pain and vomiting in the terminal phase. The parenteral administration of opioids extended over 58 days. The infusion was powered by an external portable clockwork-driven syringe pump (Perfusor M, Braun Medical/Germany). ⋯ When he received outpatient radiation therapy the patient needed extra injection doses of up to 360 mg morphine a day. The PCAO procedure by continuous subcutaneous infusion with opiates is a safe and efficient method of pain management for outpatient patients suffering from severe cancer pain and intractable nausea in the terminal phase. Its validity has also been proven especially for radiation treatment of bone metastases.