Clinical imaging
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The rapid development of artificial intelligence (AI) has led to its widespread use in multiple industries, including healthcare. AI has the potential to be a transformative technology that will significantly impact patient care. Particularly, AI has a promising role in radiology, in which computers are indispensable and new technological advances are often sought out and adopted early in clinical practice. We present an overview of the basic definitions of common terms, the development of an AI ecosystem in imaging and its value in mitigating the challenges of implementation in clinical practice.
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MRI brain segmentation and volume estimation of gray matter (GM), white matter (WM) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) are important for many neurological applications. Signal intensity based measurements, such as the current statistical parametric mapping (SPM) based volume estimation techniques rely on T1W images that involve a series of pre-processing steps, making it impractical for clinical use. ⋯ Brain imaging in children using SyMRI can identify and calculate estimates of GM, WM, CSF volumes. With our work, we have shown high similarity of volume estimates in GM and WM using SyMRI with a systematic bias for CSF values. The ease of use of this software can make this quantitative data to be used clinically along with the routine anatomical images.
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We present two cases of atraumatic costal cartilage fracture secondary to violent coughing. Although costal cartilage fractures due to trauma and bony rib fractures due to violent coughing have been described, to our knowledge there have been no prior reported cases of cough-induced costal cartilage fracture. It is important for radiologists to consider costal cartilage fractures, which are often more subtle than osseous injuries, in patients with chest pain, and understand that they may not always be preceded by direct trauma. Identifying this injury is clinically important and will prevent patients from undergoing unnecessary examinations to rule out a cardiac cause of chest pain or a pulmonary embolism.
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The Segond fracture is a tibial avulsion injury of the insertion of the middle third of the lateral capsular ligament that is typically associated with anterior cruciate ligament and meniscal tears. The classically assigned mechanism of injury is a combination of internal rotation and varus stress. We report two cases of Segond fractures that presented with a variant pattern including osseous avulsion injuries of the medial collateral ligament at the femoral origin, anterior cruciate ligament tear, and pivot shift-type osseous contusion pattern, suggesting an alternative mechanism of injury that includes dominant valgus stress and external rotation components. Awareness of this pattern may aid radiologists, surgeons, and sport medicine physicians in the accurate diagnosis of this injury complex and initiation of appropriate treatment in a timely fashion.
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Conventional breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), including dynamic contrast-enhanced MR mammography, may lead to ambiguous diagnosis and unnecessary biopsies. ⋯ The addition of eigenvalue analysis improves DTI's ability to differentiate between benign and malignant breast lesions.