Acta neurologica Scandinavica
-
Botulinum toxin serotype A (BoNT/A) was originally used in neurology for the treatment of dystonia and blepharospasms, but is now clinically used worldwide for the treatment of chronic migraine. Still, the possible mode of action of BoNT/A in migraine is not fully known. However, the mode of action of BoNT/A has been investigated in experimental pain as well as migraine models, which may elucidate the underlying mechanisms in migraine. ⋯ The mechanisms behind the effect of BoNT/A in chronic migraine may also include modulation of neurotransmitter release, changes in surface expression of receptors and cytokines as well as enhancement of opioidergic transmission. Clinical and experimental studies with botulinum toxin in the last decade have advanced our understanding of headache and other pain states. More research into botulinum toxin as treatment for headache is warranted as it can be an attractive alternative for patients who do not respond positively to other drugs.
-
Acta Neurol. Scand. · May 2018
Observational StudyA shorter system delay for haemorrhagic stroke than ischaemic stroke among patients who use emergency medical service.
We compare various aspects in the early chain of care among patients with haemorrhagic stroke and ischaemic stroke. ⋯ Patients with a haemorrhagic stroke differed from other stroke patients with a more frequent and rapid activation of EMS.