Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology
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Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. · Apr 2005
Polymorphisms in XPD exons 10 and 23 and bladder cancer risk.
The nucleotide excision repair gene, xeroderma pigmentosum complementation group D (XPD), has been hypothesized to have a role in cancer risk, but results from prior molecular epidemiologic studies and genotype-phenotype analyses are conflicting. ⋯ Although we did not observe main effects associated with the XPD genotypes, these results do suggest the variant allele genotypes were associated with increased bladder cancer risk in women and smokers with statistically significant interactions in the exon 23 polymorphism. Although there is biological plausibility, these novel findings for gender and smoking should be interpreted with caution upon confirmation in larger studies.
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Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. · Apr 2005
Tobacco-specific nitrosamines and their pyridine-N-glucuronides in the urine of smokers and smokeless tobacco users.
Tobacco-specific nitrosamines are believed to play a significant role as causes of cancer in people who use tobacco products. Whereas the uptake of one tobacco-specific nitrosamine, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone, has been shown by analysis of its metabolites in urine, there are no published studies on urinary levels of N'-nitrosonornicotine (NNN), N'-nitrosoanatabine (NAT), and N'-nitrosoanabasine (NAB) or their metabolites in human urine. We developed a method for quantitation of NNN, NAT, NAB, and their pyridine-N-glucuronides NNN-N-Gluc, NAT-N-Gluc, and NAB-N-Gluc in human urine. ⋯ Mean levels of total NNN, NAT, and NAB in the urine of 14 smokers were (pmol/mg creatinine) 0.18 +/- 0.22, 0.19 +/- 0.20, and 0.040 +/- 0.039, respectively, whereas the corresponding amounts in the urine of 11 smokeless tobacco users were 0.64 +/- 0.44, 1.43 +/- 1.10, and 0.23 +/- 0.19, respectively. Pyridine-N-glucuronides accounted for 59% to 90% of total NNN, NAT, and NAB. The results of this study show the presence of NNN, NAT, NAB, and their pyridine-N-glucuronides in human urine and provide a quantitative method for application in mechanistic and epidemiologic studies of the role of tobacco-specific nitrosamines in human cancer.
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Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. · Apr 2005
Age-specific incidence rates of in situ breast carcinomas by histologic type, 1980 to 2001.
Incidence rates of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) have increased rapidly over the past several decades largely due to the increased use of mammography. However, recent data from 1987 to 1999 indicate that invasive ductal carcinoma incidence rates have remained essentially constant, whereas rates of invasive lobular carcinoma have increased 65%, with greater increases observed among postmenopausal women. Data on recent trends in DCIS and LCIS incidence rates, particularly age-specific trends, are lacking. ⋯ LCIS incidence rates increased 2.6-fold (95% CI, 2.3-2.9) from 1980 to 2001, 1.3-fold (95% CI, 1.2-1.5) over the past 10 years, and 1.1-fold (95% CI, 1.0-1.3) over the past 5 years. Similar to invasive lobular carcinoma, but unlike invasive ductal carcinoma, incidence rates of both DCIS and LCIS continue to increase in the United States primarily among older women. These trends present important public health and clinical challenges.