Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology
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Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. · Feb 2019
Comparative StudyUrinary Biomarkers of Carcinogenic Exposure among Cigarette, Waterpipe, and Smokeless Tobacco Users and Never Users of Tobacco in the Golestan Cohort Study.
How carcinogen exposure varies across users of different, particularly noncigarette, tobacco products remains poorly understood. ⋯ Most of these biomarkers would be useful for exposure assessment in a longitudinal study.