The Annals of pharmacotherapy
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To discuss the pathogenesis, incidence, and clinical presentation of postdural puncture headaches (PDPHs) and to provide a comprehensive evaluation on the pharmacologic management of PDPH. ⋯ Intravenous and oral caffeine are effective and noninvasive treatments for PDPH. Epidural NaCl 0.9% or dextran are alternatives when the EBP is unsuccessful or contraindicated. Several methods of pharmacologic management have been cited in the literature, but all require further evaluation.
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To review the pharmacology and mechanisms by which local anesthetics cause allergic reactions. Recommendations concerning appropriate use of local anesthetics and alternative therapies in patients with documented local anesthetic allergies are given. ⋯ A true immunologic reaction to a local anesthetic is rare. Intradermal skin testing of local anesthetic compounds, methylparaben, and metabisulfite should be performed in patients when a thorough history does not rule out a possible allergic reaction to local anesthetics and future local anesthesia is necessary. Skin testing enables the clinician to identify autonomic responses to minor surgical procedures and toxic reactions to anesthetics so that patients are not incorrectly labeled as "caine" allergic. Diphenhydramine can be used as an alternative to ester and amide local anesthetics in minor procedures of short duration.
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Tranexamic acid has the potential to be a pharmacologic adjunct for the prophylaxis of hemorrhagic complications occurring in the oncology population. The studies and cases reviewed here suggest that tranexamic acid administration may be a therapeutic option for bleeding prophylaxis in APL where enhanced fibrinolysis accompanies the disease state. ⋯ However, these reports concluded that its administration is safe, with few adverse effects and no thromboembolic events noted. A large, well-designed, controlled clinical trial is needed before a recommendation for the routine use of tranexamic acid in the oncology population can be established.
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Comparative Study Clinical Trial
Modified oral ondansetron regimen for cyclophosphamide-induced emesis in lupus nephritis.
To evaluate the antiemetic efficacy of a modified regimen of oral ondansetron and dexamethasone in patients with lupus nephritis undergoing treatment with cyclophosphamide whose conventional antiemetic regimen had failed. ⋯ This study suggests that a modified oral ondansetron/dexamethasone regimen is safe and efficacious, and costs less than alternative regimens to prevent cyclophosphamide-induced emesis in patients with lupus nephritis.
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To study the physical compatibility and chemical stability of fluorouracil 1 and 16 mg/mL with morphine sulphate 1 mg/ml and with hydromorphone hydrochloride 0.5 mg/mL in dextrose 5% injection and in NaCl 0.9% injection. ⋯ When admixed in dextrose 5% injection and NaCl 0.9% injection, fluorouracil 1 and 16 mg/mL and morphine 0.5 mg/mL were immediately physically incompatible in all samples resulting in substantial loss of morphine content as precipitated crystals. Fluorouracil 1 mg/mL plus hydromorphone 0.5 mg/mL were compatible and stable for at least 7 days at 32 degrees C and for at least 35 days at 23, 4 and -20 degrees C. Admixed with fluorouracil 16 mg/mL, hydromorphone was stable for 3 days at 32 degrees C, 7 days at 23 degrees C, and 35 days at 4 and -20 degrees C.