The Annals of pharmacotherapy
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Hyperglycemia is prevalent in hospitalized non-critically ill patients and is associated with higher morbidity and mortality. Poor glycemic control is related to elevated costs due to longer hospital stays and higher rates of complications. ⋯ Management of hyperglycemia is a critical component of acute care. Insulin treatment regimens and protocols for non-critically ill patients in the acute care setting are evolving with recognition of ideal glucose targets to prevent adverse outcomes. Glycemia management can be complex and presents opportunities for pharmacist involvement.
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To review the evidence supporting the efficacy and safety of l-carnitine in the management of acute valproic acid overdose. ⋯ Published evidence of the efficacy and safety of l-carnitine as an antidote for acute valproic acid overdose is limited. Based on the available evidence, it is reasonable to consider l-carnitine for patients with acute overdose of valproic acid who demonstrate decreased level of consciousness. We recommend intravenous administration of 100 mg/kg once, followed by infusions of 50 mg/kg (to a maximum of 3 g per dose) every 8 hours thereafter, continuing until ammonia levels are decreasing (if they were elevated initially) and the patient demonstrates signs of clinical improvement or until adverse events associated with l-carnitine occur.
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To determine the role of human papillomavirus (HPV) quadrivalent vaccine in males. ⋯ The HPV quadrivalent vaccine appears to be safe and induces an effective immune response in males. It may also decrease the incidence of anogenital and penile cancer, although current data are limited in number and duration of follow-up. Further analysis of the long-term immunogenicity and effects on HPV-associated complications is needed.
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To evaluate the risk of adrenal insufficiency following a single dose of etomidate in patients with suspected sepsis requiring rapid sequence intubation. ⋯ Until further studies are available, etomidate should be reserved for hemodynamically unstable patients who cannot tolerate an alternative induction agent despite the administration of fluids or vasoactive agents.
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Based on case reports in infants, the safety of concomitant use of ceftriaxone and intravenous calcium in all ages has recently come under challenge. Systematic population-based data to guide clinicians with respect to this risk are, however, lacking. ⋯ In this high-risk group, administration of high concentrations of calcium and concurrent ceftriaxone was not significantly associated with greater mortality or adverse outcomes compared to matched unexposed patients. Although this was an underpowered study and rare adverse effects from the interaction of these 2 compounds cannot be completely excluded, these data provide overall reassurance of the safety of this combination in the majority of critically ill adults.