Neuroimaging clinics of North America
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Neuroimaging Clin. N. Am. · Feb 2023
ReviewNeuroimaging Patterns of Intracranial Infections: Meningitis, Cerebritis, and Their Complications.
Neuroimaging provides rapid, noninvasive visualization of central nervous system infections for optimal diagnosis and management. Generalizable and characteristic imaging patterns help radiologists distinguish different types of intracranial infections including meningitis and cerebritis from a variety of bacterial, viral, fungal, and/or parasitic causes. ⋯ We discuss various imaging modalities and recent diagnostic advances such as deep learning through a survey of intracranial pathogens and their radiographic findings. Moreover, we explore critical complications and differential diagnoses of intracranial infections.
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Neuroimaging Clin. N. Am. · Feb 2023
ReviewBeyond Pattern Recognition: Radiology-Pathology-Clinical Correlation.
Radiology-pathology correlation is essential for multidisciplinary collaboration in diagnosis and understanding the mechanism of CNS damage in infectious processes. The microscopic acute inflammatory processes are well established and are supplemented by a variety of less-invasive microbial and immunohistochemical investigations. Understanding the pathogenesis of pathogen spread and neuroinvasion, vascular and immune-mediated brain, and spinal cord damage are essential for interpreting radiological images.
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Spinal cord infections can present with a wide variety of imaging findings, depending on the pathogen and the host's immune status. Infectious myelitis can have a characteristic distribution of lesions within the spinal cord, which refine the differential disease. ⋯ Infectious arachnoiditis and meningitis must be differentiated from neoplasms. Spondylitis has many mimickers and requires careful interpretations of images, clinical findings, and follow-up information.
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Neuroimaging Clin. N. Am. · Feb 2023
ReviewHuman Immunodeficiency Virus: Opportunistic Infections and Beyond.
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection causes substantial morbidity and mortality worldwide. Although antiretroviral therapy (ART) has changed the epidemiology of HIV in the last 20 years with increased survival and decreasing incidence of opportunistic infections (OI), CNS OI remain a major cause of morbidity. Improved survival has also increased neurological presentations due to co morbid conditions, treatment related side effects and inflammatory syndromes. Being familiar with the imaging findings, the impact of ART and interpretation of imaging in the context of clinical and laboratory findings is important for radiologists as well as clinicians in the management of HIV-infected patients.
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The complex anatomy and deep spaces of the head and neck limit physical examination while also offering many points for entry and spread of infection. Radiologic imaging plays a crucial role in managing head and neck infections by defining the location and extent of disease, facilitating abscess drainage, and identifying complications. This review provides essential background and examples for imaging infection throughout the head and neck region.