Shock : molecular, cellular, and systemic pathobiological aspects and therapeutic approaches : the official journal the Shock Society, the European Shock Society, the Brazilian Shock Society, the International Federation of Shock Societies
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Comparative Study
Laparotomy prevents lethal endotoxemia in a murine sequential insult model by an IL-10-dependent mechanism.
Multiple organ dysfunction and death are common sequelae after mesenteric ischemia-reperfusion injury as seen with mesenteric revascularization and thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm repair. A second insult such as bacterial pneumonia occurring subsequent to the ischemia-reperfusion injury may contribute to these untoward effects. We hypothesized the sequential visceral/lower torso ischemia-reperfusion and endotoxemia in a murine model would increase the magnitude of the proinflammatory cytokine response and decrease survival. ⋯ Peak serum TNF levels after LPS were significantly lower in the IR and LAP groups. Administration of anti IL-10 IgM resulted in uniform mortality and a significant increase in the peak TNF levels after LPS administration for all initial treatment groups. Endogenous production of IL-10 following laparotomy down-regulates the TNF response and improves survival after endotoxemia.
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Randomized Controlled Trial Multicenter Study Clinical Trial
Prospectively validated prediction of organ failure and hypotension in patients with septic shock: the Systemic Mediator Associated Response Test (SMART).
Conventional outcomes research provides only percentage risk categories that are not applicable to individual patients, and it predicts only mortality, utilization of resources and/or broad groupings of multiple organ system dysfunction. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether or not the Systemic Mediator Associated Response Test (SMART) methodology could identify interactions among demographics, physiologic parameters, standard hospital laboratory tests, and circulating cytokine concentrations to predict continuous and dichotomous dependent clinical variables, in advance, in individual patients with septic shock and to integrate these into prospectively validated models. Two hundred forty (240) patients with septic shock who were entered into the placebo arm of a multi-institutional clinical trial were randomly separated into a model building training cohort (n = 154) and a predictive cohort (n = 86), which was used to prospectively validate the prognostic models built upon the training cohort database. ⋯ For hematologic/coagulation models, 37/56 (66%) up to seven days had r > 0.900. Among dichotomous models, ROC AUC > 0.700 was achieved in 30/49 (61%) during the first week. SMART integration of demographics, bedside physiology, hospital laboratory tests, and circulating cytokines predicts organ failure and physiologic function indicators in individual patients with septic shock.
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Apoptosis is a mode of programmed cell death (PCD). Transduction of apoptotic signals results in cellular suicide. Organ specific apoptosis has been proposed as a factor in multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS). ⋯ TNF-alpha and IL-6, although they appear to be mediators of both apoptosis and MODS, had no association with sfas. These results are suggestive of the need for further investigation on the role of apoptotic signaling in the development of MODS. They also suggest a potential prognostic value of sfas for SIRS/MODS clinical outcomes.
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Comparative Study
Intraabdominal sepsis down-regulates transcription of sodium taurocholate cotransporter and multidrug resistance-associated protein in rats.
Hepatic dysfunction in sepsis is characterized by hyperbilirubinemia and intrahepatic cholestasis. We hypothesize that sepsis causes decreased hepatic transcription of the bile acid transporter sodium taurocholate cotransporter (Ntcp) and the organic anion transporter multidrug resistance-associated protein (Mrp2) and that interleukin (IL)-6 is important in the down-regulation of Ntcp and Mrp2 expression. Male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent induction of mild, nonlethal sepsis by cecal ligation and single puncture (CLP) or fulminant sepsis by cecal ligation and double puncture (2CLP). ⋯ Serum bilirubin was elevated from 24 h onward and cholestasis was observed on fixed liver specimens at 24, 48, and 72 h after 2CLP but not after CLP. Steady-state Ntcp and Mrp2 mRNA was decreased in IL-6-treated cultured hepatocytes and in normal rats given 1 mg/kg intravenous IL-6. We conclude that 1) Ntcp and Mrp2 transcription is down-regulated transiently after CLP and persistently after 2CLP; 2) 2CLP results in hyperbilirubinemia and cholestasis, in part due to persistently decreased transcription of Ntcp and Mrp2; and 3) altered Ntcp and Mrp2 transcription is mediated in part by IL-6.
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To test the effects of prostaglandin E1 on 2.5 h of ischemia followed by 2 h of reperfusion, continuous nitric oxide measurements (electrochemical) were correlated with intermittent assays of superoxide and peroxynitrite levels (chemiluminescence) and ischemia/reperfusion injury in rabbit adductor magnus muscle. Administering prostaglandin E1 (1 microg/kg) before or during ischemia/reperfusion caused normalization of the release of nitric oxide, superoxide, and peroxynitrite to slightly above preischemic levels. This pattern was dramatically different from that observed during ischemia/reperfusion alone, where nitric oxide concentration increased three times above its basal level. ⋯ Prostaglandin E1 treatment does not directly inhibit constitutive nitric oxide synthase, like the inhibitor N(omega)-monomethyl-L-arginine. Some phenomenon associated with ischemia turns on endothelial constitutive nitric oxide synthase to start transforming L-arginine and oxygen into nitric oxide, but prostaglandin E1 seems to inhibit this phenomenon. Thus, essential local L-arginine pools are not depleted, and normal basal levels of essential nitric oxide are maintained, whereas cytotoxic superoxide and peroxynitrite production by L-arginine-deficient constitutive nitric oxide synthase is prevented.