British journal of anaesthesia
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The fresh gas utilization (FGU) of a semi-closed breathing system is defined as the ratio of the amount of gas reaching the patient's lungs to the total amount of fresh gas flowing into the breathing system. It indicates to what extent a breathing system conserves anaesthetic gases and provides inspired gas concentrations as close as possible to those in the fresh gas, even at low fresh gas flows (FGF). ⋯ None of the systems tested showed the characteristics of an ideal system which would reach 100% FGU with an FGF less than minute volume. At FGF 3 litre min-1, FGU was: Gambro Engström Elsa 97.8%, Siemens Servo Ventilator 900 D with circle system 96.1%, Dräger Cicero 93.4%, Ohmeda Modulus II Plus 93.1%, Dräger 8 ISO 92.3%, Dräger AV1 87.6%, Megamed 700A 77.0% and Siemens Ventilator 710 74.1%.
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We describe the performance of the pneuPAC hyperbaric variant HB, a ventilator designed for use in a one-man hyperbaric chamber. The ventilator delivered minute volumes of 11-23 litre at 1 atm abs to 7.6-16 litre at 2.5 atm abs. The delivered minute volume may be controlled easily from outside the chamber by manipulation of the ventilator rate, 11.5-31 b.p.m.
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Randomized Controlled Trial Comparative Study Clinical Trial
Gastric emptying and small bowel transit in male volunteers after i.m. ketorolac and morphine.
Ten male volunteers were studied in a randomized, double-blind crossover trial. Each received ketorolac tromethamine 30 mg and morphine sulphate 10 mg i.m. at an interval of 2 weeks. After a standard radiolabelled meal, gastric emptying half-time (GE) and small intestinal transit time (SIT) were measured using a gamma camera. ⋯ Mean GE, SIT and TFF were significantly prolonged by morphine compared with ketorolac (P less than 0.03); ETH was prolonged also, but the difference was not significant. There were no significant correlations between SIT, ETH and TFF. Most subjects reported adverse effects after morphine, but only one after ketorolac.
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Randomized Controlled Trial Comparative Study Clinical Trial
Effects of pindolol on the cardiovascular response to tracheal intubation.
Laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation often cause hypertension, tachycardia and arrhythmias, which may be exaggerated during rapid-sequence induction of anaesthesia. We have studied the efficacy of pindolol in attenuating the cardiovascular responses to laryngoscopy and intubation in patients receiving pindolol 2 micrograms kg-1 or 4 micrograms kg-1 3 min before induction of anaesthesia in a double-blind design. The data were compared with those in a control group receiving saline. ⋯ These increases after tracheal intubation were reduced in pindolol 4 micrograms kg-1 treated patients compared with those in the control group (P less than 0.05). Pindolol 2 micrograms kg-1 attenuated tachycardia in response to intubation but did not affect hypertension. These data suggest that a bolus injection of pindolol 4 micrograms kg-1 is a simple, practical and effective method for attenuating cardiovascular responses to laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation.