J Formos Med Assoc
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To compare gender differences in socio-demographics, clinical manifestations, and laboratory test results of individuals who visited emergency departments (EDs) involving drug use. ⋯ We found considerable gender differences in clinical characteristics among ED-visiting drug users, which could offer valuable information for the future development of more tailored gender-specific drug prevention and treatment strategies.
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Horizontal root fractures (HRF) were observed mostly in the anterior teeth of young adults due to dental injury. However, HRFs in posterior teeth (PHRF) without dental trauma cannot be neglected. The etiology and risk factors of PHRF were unclear. ⋯ The aim of this narrative review is to summarize the demography, tooth and root distribution, diagnostic methods, etiology and possible related factors, clinical features, radiographic characteristics, and the treatment schemes of PHRF without dental trauma. A better understanding and identification of this particular root fracture could be achieved. The diagnostic tools and practical management are useful for clinical guides.