Masui. The Japanese journal of anesthesiology
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Case Reports
[Anesthetic management of organ donation after brain death using continuous total hemoglobin measurement].
A 60-year-old woman declared brain dead was scheduled for organ donation. We continuously measured total hemoglobin values (SpHb) using a Radical-7 monitor (Masimo Co, Irvine, CA, USA) to maintain the functions of organs and oxygen delivery. At the start of surgery, the SpHb value was 9.3 g x dl(-1). ⋯ On cross-clamping of the aorta, the SpHb value increased up to 10.2 g x dl(-1). The heart, lungs, liver, pancreas, and kidneys were donated from the patient without organ dysfunction. The highlight of this case report is that anesthesiologists could use SpHb monitoring for management of hemodynamics in a brain-dead organ donor.
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A 2-month-old baby boy, 52 cm in height and weighing 4.6 kg, underwent a Blalock-Taussig shunt operation under general anesthesia. The authors checked the internal jugular vein (IJV) using an ultrasound apparatus with a 5/10-MHz probe (TiTAN, SonoSite Co., Tokyo, Japan) at a mid-portion of the neck. We observed a 3.9-mm-wide and 7.6-mm-deep IJV for central venous catheter (CVC) placement. ⋯ We placed the CVC into the left IJV instead of the right IJV. We speculated that the guidewire had advanced into the IJV; however, we could not advance the tip of the guidewire from the IJV to the brachiocephalic vein because the angle between the IJV and the brachiocephalic vein was 90 degrees. We could have advanced a J-type guidewire from the IJV into the brachiocephalic vein.
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ARDS is a syndrome characterized by nonhydrostatic pulmonary edema and hypoxemia due to overwhelming pulmonary inflammation arising secondarily from several pulmonary or non-pulmonary diseases. Since its introduction in 1967 by Ashbough, there had not been any gold standard concerning its definitive diagnosis over the next 25 years. In 1994, American-European Consensus Conference (AECC) published a definition that thereafter has been used for nearly 20 years. ⋯ In 2011, European Society of Intensive Care Medicine convened a meeting with ARDS experts to make a new revised definition, now called Berlin definition. This definition is almost compatible with AECC criteria but more feasible and has more precise predictive validity and reliability. The Berlin definition should facilitate the recognition of ARDS and would offer more suitable treatment and enable clinical trials in accordance with disease severity.
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The clinical criteria of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) defined by the American-European Consensus Conference (AECC) in 1994 was relevant to clinical practice, trials, and researches for two decades. However, a number of issues with the AECC definition have become apparent. ⋯ In the second section, the clinical significance and limitation of radiographic imaging, especially, high-resolution CT (HRCT) findings in ARDS were addressed. Although the early exudative phase of ARDS can not be detected even by HRCT, pulmonary fibroproliferation assessed by HRCT in patients with early ARDS predicts increased mortality with an increased susceptibility to multiple organ failure, along with ventilator dependency and its associated outcomes.
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We have patients who develop lung injury after surgery even they are without lung diseases preoperatively. What is the cause of this perioperative complication? Can we prevent postoperative lung injury by any measures during surgery? In the present paper, the etiology of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is reviewed and possible methods to prevent ARDS is discussed. Inflammation occurs during surgery, the degree of which depends on multiple factors including surgical insults, the use of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), ischemia and reperfusion of any organ during surgery, transfusion, and organ damages. ⋯ Mechanical ventilation does not initiate lung injury by itself; however, conventional mechanical ventilation (tidal volume of 10-12 ml x kg-1 ideal body weight) may induce ARDS if lungs are primed. Accordingly, lung protective strategies should be carried out if patients have such condition or does receive such surgery. The brief outline of the lung protective strategies is to reduce tidal volume, to apply open lung approach with positive end-expiratory pressure and lung recruitment maneuver, and to avoid any lung lesion causing hypoxia during CPB or one-lung ventilation.