Nihon rinsho. Japanese journal of clinical medicine
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The sequence of analgesic therapy for cancer pain should follow the WHO ladder regimen. Managing cancer pain with drug therapy provides the best results for the patients by using the combination of opioids, NSAIDs, and adjuvant analgesics. The selection or the combination of the drugs depends on the intensity, quality, and other characteristics of the pain. When the cancer pain is classified as neuropathic pain, we should use antidepressants, anticonvulsants, anxiolytics, or/and anti-arrhythmic drug.
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Dysmenorrhea is commonly observed in women and it reduces their quality of life. Most of dysmenorrhea is based on the disease of endometriosis, uterine myoma, uterine anomalies etc. and some cases are functional. ⋯ There are many different factors for dysmenorrhea in endometriosis, which is the commonest disease with dysmenorrhea, and we have to perform various therapies for pain. Therefore, we discuss in this paper the control for the functional dysmenorrhea and the pain in endometriosis.
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Cancer pain is usually treated by 1) pharmacotherapy, 2) nerve block, 3) radiation therapy, 4) cognitive therapy and 5) alternative medicine. Among these methods, pharmacotherapy is the simplest way to relieve cancer pain without special equipment or special settings. WHO cancer treatment guideline shows morphine is effective to most cancer pain. ⋯ Recently, many biological processes involved in the mechanism of neuropathic pain have been elucidated. Pharmacological treatment aimed at blocking such processes should produce specific effects on the pain. Such mechanism-based pharmacotherapy is the most effective way to treat difficult pain.
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The WHO guidelines have much improved cancer pain management in Japan. In 1987, the Ministry of Health established new policy on palliative care, revised narcotics control measures, and edited guidelines on palliative care. ⋯ In order to further achieve program implementation, educational approach should be much more strengthened. It is also emphasized that each health care professional should recognize the ethics in pain relief and each hospital should urgently has its policy to achieve freedom from cancer pain for all throughout Japan.
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This article presents the current management of acute pain(posttraumatic and postoperative pain). The management of acute pain, especially postoperative pain, makes a great advance in this twenty years. The discovery of physiology and pharmacology of pain mechanisms made a great contribution to the improvement of the patient care during postoperative period. ⋯ So these days postoperative pain, the major complaint during the postoperative period, is almost improved at the hospital that coordinates pain treatment strategies. The management of pain improves the quality of life for the postoperative patients and the prognosis of postoperative patients. We should take our warning to heart that the management of acute pain(postoperative, posttraumatic, and labor pain) is not only 'procedure' but also 'therapy' against the pain.