Nihon rinsho. Japanese journal of clinical medicine
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The cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) refers to a group of pathological condition that affects the intracranial small vessels. CSVD causes lacunar infarction, white matter disease and hemorrhage, and may contribute to development of dementia and motor disability in the elderly. CSVD is a common aging phenomenon, however, little is known about its molecular pathogenesis. To understand the molecular pathogenesis for CSVD, here, we review the clinical spectrum, pathological findings and the molecular pathogenesis of CSVD caused by single gene defect: including cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy, cerebral autosomal recessive arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy, COLAA1-related disorders, retinal vasculopathy with cerebral leukodystrophy, Fabry disease, and hereditary cerebral amyloid angiopathy.
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Since lung is a directly affected organ by cigarette smoking, various respiratory diseases including lung cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, interstitial lung diseases, bronchial asthma, are caused and worsen by cigarette smoking not only in case of active smoking but also in case of passive smoking. A lot of carcinogen in cigarette smoke causes lung cancer through the DNA damage. ⋯ Meanwhile, inflammation also induces lung fibrosis. Cigarette smoking is a risk factor for the development of asthmas and is associated with decreased asthma control and increased risk of mortality and exacerbations.