Nihon rinsho. Japanese journal of clinical medicine
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Fifteen years have passed since lung protective strategy to the patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) established. Recently, the new Berlin Definition of ARDS has been developed and this classified ARDS into three stages (mild, moderate, and severe ARDS), depending on the PaO2/FiO2. After this new definition of ARDS, each treatment to the patients with ARDS should be considered, depending on the severity of lung injury, such as prone position to the patients with severe ARDS, muscle paralysis to the patients with severe ARDS. In this review article, we review the history of lung protective strategy and ARDS definition, discuss the novel physiological approaches to minimizing ventilator-induced lung injury, and highlight a numbers of experimental/clinical studies to support these concepts.
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It is necessary to treat the patient from the site of the emergency to raise a lifesaving rate of the patient. As a prime example would be out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Once you start the treatment after hospital arrival, cardiac arrest patient can't be life-saving. ⋯ It is because of that the quantity and quality of the emergency life-saving technician are being enhanced. And also doctor-helicopter system have been enhanced. Medical control is a critical component of the improvement.
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Androgen receptor(AR) has a critical role in prostate cancer(PCa) progression and targeting AR axis signaling by androgen deprivation therapy is a standard treatment for advanced PCa. Recently, the role of AR even in castration-resistant PCa(CRPC) is well recognized and emerging evidence suggests survival advantages of treatment by targeting AR in CRPC. This review outlines AR functions that contribute to PCa progression, AR structural alterations and AR activation via intracrine, co-factors, and kinase pathways in CRPC. Finally, we describe about recently reported bipolar androgen therapy as a novel treatment for CRPC targeting AR.
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This article reviews the treatment strategy for the secondary osteoporosis excluding those caused by diabetes, CKD, endocrine disorders, or glucocorticoid, which proceeding articles deal with. Among numerous possible causes for such secondary osteoporosis, the author has selected osteogenesis imperfecta (OI), osteoporosis associated with gastrectomy or bariatric surgery, inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). For OI, current standard treatment is bisphosphonates (BPs), of which efficacy for fracture inhibition has recently been of issue. ⋯ PTH, have just been explored. Osteoporosis associated with gastrectomy, bariatric surgery or IBD, have been treated with vitamin D, calcium, and BPs. Despite high fracture rates, there are almost no treatment data for osteoporosis associated with COPD.
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Accumulating evidence has shown that the risk of osteoporotic fracture is increased in patients with type 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus. Measurement of bone mineral density is not a good evaluation tool for diabetes-related osteoporosis because the underlying mechanism is based on the deterioration of bone quality with accumulation of collagen cross-links of advanced glycation end products, decreased bone formation, and cortical porosity. ⋯ However, the evidence of treatments for diabetes-related osteoporosis is not sufficient so far. Therefore, further studies are necessary to solve this issue in future.