Journal of toxicology. Clinical toxicology
-
J. Toxicol. Clin. Toxicol. · Oct 1984
ReviewEnvenomation by the scorpion Centruroides sculpturatus.
Envenomation by the scorpion C. sculpturatus can be life threatening. The action of the venom is to produce prolonged and excessive firing of neuronal axons which results in a wide variety of signs and symptoms. ⋯ The intravenous administration of specific C. sculpturatus antivenom results in resolution of serious signs and symptoms within minutes, with patients completely asymptomatic within 1 1/2 hours. The administration of antivenom is recommended as the treatment of choice for severe envenomations after the initiation of appropriate supportive care.
-
Black widow spiders (Latrodectus species) are found worldwide. Envenomation of humans usually occurs as the result of chance intrusion into the spider's domain by the human. The venom is regarded as one of the most potent biologic toxins. ⋯ The very young, the elderly or enfeebled, and those with cardiovascular disease are at greatest risk. While not always necessary, the most effective treatment is specific antiserum. Muscle relaxants, analgesics and intravenous calcium are useful adjuvant treatment.
-
As man takes increasing advantage of the waters of the world for recreational, commercial and scientific purposes, the hazards of human contact with inhabitants must be appreciated. Many invertebrate and vertebrate animal species have developed natural defense mechanisms, some of which involve envenomation, with a few species posing the threat of serious injury or death. This paper discusses the more common and more serious marine envenomations encountered worldwide, including toxicology of the associated venoms and a discussion of current treatment recommendations.