Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
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Traumatic brain injury (TBI) occurs when a sudden trauma causes damage to the brain. TBI can result when the head suddenly and violently impacts an object or when an object pierces the skull and enters brain tissue. Secondary injuries after traumatic brain injury (TBI) can lead to impairments on cerebral oxygenation and autoregulation. ⋯ The majority of the evidence found used NIRS for diagnosis applications, especially in oxygenation and autoregulation monitoring (59%). It was not surprising that nearly all the patients were male adults with severe trauma who were monitored mostly with continue wave NIRS or spatially resolved spectroscopy NIRS and an invasive monitoring device. In general, a high proportion of the assessed papers have concluded that NIRS could be a potential noninvasive technique for assessing TBI, despite the various methodological and technological limitations of NIRS.
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Lactate is widely measured in critically ill patients as a robust indicator of patient deterioration and response to treatment. Plasma concentrations represent a balance between lactate production and clearance. Analysis has typically been performed with the aim of detecting tissue hypoxia. ⋯ This review aims firstly to reflect on the potential benefits of non-invasive continuous monitoring technology within the critical care setting. Secondly, we review the current devices used to measure lactate non-invasively outside of this setting and consider the challenges that must be overcome to allow for the translation of this technology into intensive care medicine. This review will be of interest to those developing continuous monitoring sensors, opening up a new field of research.
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The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is considered a public health emergency of international concern. The 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) or severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that caused this pandemic has spread rapidly to over 200 countries, and has drastically affected public health and the economies of states at unprecedented levels. ⋯ In this paper, an overview of the progress made in the development of nanobiosensors for the detection of human coronaviruses (SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is presented, along with specific techniques for modifying the surface of nanobiosensors. The newest detection methods of the influenza virus responsible for acute respiratory syndrome were compared with conventional methods, highlighting the newest trends in diagnostics, applications, and challenges of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19 causative virus) nanobiosensors.
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Photoacoustic imaging is a hybrid imaging modality that offers the advantages of optical (spectroscopic contrast) and ultrasound imaging (scalable spatial resolution and imaging depth). This promising modality has shown excellent potential in a wide range of preclinical and clinical imaging and sensing applications. Even though photoacoustic imaging technology has matured in research settings, its clinical translation is not happening at the expected pace. ⋯ In this review, we focus on the following aspects: (1) the basic theory of photoacoustic imaging; (2) inexpensive light sources and different implementations; and (3) important preclinical and clinical applications, demonstrated using affordable light source-based photoacoustics. The main focus will be on laser diodes and light-emitting diodes as they have demonstrated promise in photoacoustic tomography-the key technological developments in these areas will be thoroughly reviewed. We believe that this review will be a useful opus for both the beginners and experts in the field of biomedical photoacoustic imaging.
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Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a chronic health condition resulting from pancreatic beta cell dysfunction and insulin depletion. While automated insulin delivery systems are now available, many people choose to manage insulin delivery manually through insulin pumps or through multiple daily injections. Frequent insulin titrations are needed to adequately manage glucose, however, provider adjustments are typically made every several months. ⋯ Of those articles, we identified 61 articles for comprehensive review based on algorithm evaluation using real-world human data, in silico trials, or clinical studies. We grouped decision support systems into general categories of (1) those which recommend adjustments to insulin and (2) those which predict and help avoid hypoglycemia. We review the artificial intelligence methods used for each type of decision support system, and discuss the performance and potential applications of these systems.