Mayo Clinic proceedings
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While the global prevalence of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus is similar in men and women, the consequences of diabetes on associated end-organ complications, including diabetic kidney disease appear to be more sex-specific. Particularly, women with diabetes have higher mortality rates for diabetes-related deaths, and higher prevalence of diabetic kidney disease risk factors such as hypertension, hyperglycemia, obesity, and dyslipidemia. However, the evidence for the impact of sex on diabetic kidney disease prevalence and disease progression is limited and inconsistent. ⋯ There is growing appreciation of the importance of sex hormones in the regulation of renal function, with estrogens generally considered to be renoprotective. Although some progress has been made towards better understanding of the mechanisms by which sex hormones play a role in the pathophysiology of diabetic kidney disease, the translational potential of this knowledge is still underappreciated. A better understanding of sex differences in diabetic kidney disease may provide basis for personalized and sex-specific treatment of diabetic kidney disease.
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Mayo Clinic proceedings · Mar 2020
Letter Biography Historical ArticleLegacy of Nutritionist Ancel Keys.
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Mayo Clinic proceedings · Mar 2020
ReviewPrinciples of Vaccine Licensure, Approval, and Recommendations for Use.
The licensure and recommendation processes for vaccines are complex. In the United States, vaccines are licensed for the civilian and military populations on the basis of review of Biologics License Applications submitted to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) by vaccine manufacturers. For FDA-licensed vaccines, the product label includes indications, contraindications, and precautions for each vaccine. ⋯ To implement ACIP vaccine recommendations in the public and private sectors, a collaboration of federal, state, and local governments as well as private organizations dealing with public health, vaccine supply, vaccine administration, vaccine finance, outcomes monitoring, public perception, and public trust and support must work together. Issues including vaccine misinformation, declining community immunity (herd protection), and need for risk communication add stress to this complex and fragile system. This study describes the functions of and interactions between FDA and ACIP.