Curēus
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POTS (Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome) is a multisystem disorder characterized by the abnormal autonomic response to an upright posture, causing orthostatic intolerance and excessive tachycardia without hypotension. Recent reports suggest that a significant percentage of COVID-19 survivors develop POTS within 6 to 8 months of infection. Prominent symptoms of POTS include fatigue, orthostatic intolerance, tachycardia, and cognitive impairment. ⋯ The management of COVID-19-related POTS requires a comprehensive approach. Most patients respond to initial non-pharmacological options, but when the symptoms become more severe and they do not respond to the non-pharmacological approach, pharmacological options are considered. We have limited understanding and knowledge of post-COVID-19 POTS, and further research is warranted to improve our understanding and formulate a better management plan.
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Myocarditis is being increasingly reported as a potential complication of both Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna vaccines for COVID-19. One thousand five hundred and twenty-two cases were reported as of September 02, 2021, as per CDC's (Centers for Disease Control) vaccine adverse event reporting system. Most of the published data is available in the form of case reports and series. There is a need to compile the demographic data, clinical features, and outcomes in these patients. Methods: A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Embase, Web of science, and google scholar for published literature between January 01, 2020, and July 17, 2021. Individual data of 69 patients were pooled from 25 qualifying case reports and case series. ⋯ Post-mRNA vaccination myocarditis is seen predominantly in young males within a few days after their second dose of vaccination. The pathophysiology of myocarditis is not well known. The prognosis is good as all the reported patients recovered. The presence of late gadolinium enhancement on cardiac MRI indicated myocardial necrosis/fibrosis and further studies are needed to establish the long-term prognosis of the condition.
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Background There has been a steady rise in types 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus among the youth in the USA from 2001 to 2017. Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a common and preventable presentation of both types of diabetes mellitus. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC) United States Diabetes Surveillance System, during 2004-2019 an increase in DKA hospitalization rates by 59.4% was noted, with people aged less than 45 years having the highest rates. ⋯ This could reflect more comprehensive care and discharge planning that may have prevented them from readmission. Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease that demands a team effort from the patient, family, healthcare personnel, insurance companies, and lawmakers. There is scope for a lot of improvement with the way our patients are being managed, and a more holistic approach needs to be devised.
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Diabetes mellitus (DM) is associated with dreadful changes in the cardiovascular and renal systems, causing increased morbidity and mortality. Sodium-glucose cotransport-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors belong to the oral hypoglycemic group of drugs believed to reduce these events by various mechanisms in DM. We performed a systematic review to determine the effectiveness of SGLT2 inhibitors in reducing cardiovascular and renal complications and address safety concerns in participants with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). ⋯ We noticed an initial worsening of the estimated glomerular filtration rate followed by stabilizing and reaching the baseline on long-term treatment, especially in end-stage renal failure patients. The review showed that SGLT2 inhibitors have adverse reactions similar to that of a placebo, with a slight increase in treatable genital mycotic and urinary tract infections but no evidence of diabetic ketoacidosis, fractures, and amputations. According to the available data, SGLT2 inhibitors can significantly prevent or reduce cardiovascular diseases and kidney abnormalities in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus with tolerable safety outcomes.
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Opioid-induced hyperalgesia (OIH) is characterized by a heightened sensitivity to pain that occurs in patients following opioid use. Prescription of opioids is currently the standard form of pain management for both neuropathic and nociceptive pain, due to the relief that patients typically report following their use. Opioids, which aim to provide analgesic effects, can paradoxically cause increasing degrees of pain among the users. ⋯ This review will analyze the current role and effectiveness of the use of naltrexone in managing OIH in opioid users as described in clinical and non-clinical studies. Additionally, it seeks to characterize the underlying mechanisms that enable opioid antagonist naltrexone to reduce OIH while still allowing opioids to act as an analgesic. The authors find that OIH is a prevalent condition, and in order to effectively combat it, clinicians and patients can benefit from an extended study on how naltrexone can be utilized as a treatment alongside opioids prescribed for pain management.