Developmental medicine and child neurology
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Dev Med Child Neurol · May 2015
Randomized Controlled TrialMotor endplate-targeted botulinum toxin injections of the gracilis muscle in children with cerebral palsy.
Intramuscular botulinum toxin-A (BoNT-A) injections reduce spasticity by blocking neurotransmission at the motor endplate (MEP). The goal of this study was to assess the reduction in spasticity achieved by injecting BoNT-A at different sites of the gracilis muscle. ⋯ The results suggest that BoNT-A injection of the gracilis at sites with a high concentration of MEPs is effective at reducing spasticity. These preliminary findings should be confirmed by larger studies. In the case of long muscles, such as the gracilis, the injection site is important.
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Dev Med Child Neurol · Apr 2015
Clinical and genetic investigation of 17 Japanese patients with hyperekplexia.
The aim of the study was to determine clinical and genetic characteristics of Japanese patients with hyperekplexia. ⋯ Early correct diagnosis is essential for prevention of accidental injuries and to provide appropriate treatments for hyperekplexia. Clonazepam is effective, although the time taken for startle responses to resolve varied.
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Dev Med Child Neurol · Apr 2015
ReviewDoes aetiology of neonatal encephalopathy and hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy influence the outcome of treatment?
Neonatal encephalopathy, a clinical syndrome affecting term-born and late preterm newborn infants, increases the risk of perinatal death and long-term neurological morbidity, especially cerebral palsy. With the advent of therapeutic hypothermia, a treatment designed for hypoxic or ischaemic injury, associated mortality and morbidity rates have decreased. Unfortunately, only about one in eight neonates (95% confidence interval) who meet eligibility criteria for therapeutic cooling apparently benefit from the treatment. ⋯ This review addresses the differences, definitional and methodological, between infants studied and investigations undertaken, in population studies compared with cooling trials. It raises the question if there may be subgroups of infants with a clinical diagnosis of hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy (HIE) in whom the pathobiology of neonatal neurological depression is not fundamentally hypoxic or ischaemic and, therefore, for whom cooling may not be beneficial. In addition, it suggests approaches to future trials of cooling plus adjuvant therapy that may contribute to further improvement of care for these vulnerable neonates.
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Dev Med Child Neurol · Feb 2015
Comparative StudyCerebral haemorrhagic risk in children with sickle-cell disease.
To address risk of first or recurrent cerebral haemorrhage in children with sickle-cell disease (SCD) who are being managed with modern stroke prevention strategies. ⋯ The ratio of ischaemic to haemorrhagic risk was not modified with modern management compared with historical series. Intracranial aneurysm in children with SCD had specific characteristics, close to intracranial aneurysms described in adults with SCD. Data favoured concurrent development of intracranial SCD-associated anterior stenosis and posterior dilation, suggesting common pathophysiology and management strategies.