Brain and behavior
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Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI) has recently been introduced as a chronic state of impaired cerebral or cervical venous drainage that may be causally implicated in multiple sclerosis (MS) pathogenesis. Moreover, percutaneous transluminal angioplasty of extracranial veins termed "Liberation treatment" has been proposed (based on nonrandomized data) as an alternative therapy for MS. ⋯ CCSVI appears to be a poorly reproducible and clinically irrelevant sonographic construct. "Liberation treatment" has no proven efficacy, may exacerbate underlying disease activity and has been complicated with SAEs. "Liberation treatment" should stop being offered to MS patients even in the settings of RCTs.