Articles: disease.
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J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. · Nov 1988
Comparative Study Clinical Trial Controlled Clinical TrialComparison of efficacy of a glucose/glycine/glycylglycine electrolyte solution versus the standard WHO/ORS in diarrheic dehydrated children.
It was hypothesized that a mixture of glucose and amino acids enhances sodium and water absorption and therefore diminishes the volume of oral rehydration solution, stool output, and duration of diarrhea. To investigate this hypothesis, the efficacies of two oral rehydration solutions (ORS) were compared, one containing (mmol/L): Na+ 90, K+ 20, Cl- 80, citrate 10, glucose 67, glycine 53, and glycylglycine 30, yielding an osmolality of 350 mosmol/kg H2O, and the other, the standard ORS recommended by the World Health Organization, containing the same electrolyte concentrations and only glucose 110 mmol/L, yielding 310 mosmol/kg H2O. ⋯ The only statistically significant difference was the mean time between admission and the last diarrheic stool. The glycylglycine/glycine/glucose electrolyte solution was found to be suitable for rehydration, but not to have an advantage over the standard WHO/ORS.
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The authors studied the impact of China's one-child-per-couple family planning policy on child development in 697 preschool children in the city of Nanjing and in two rural areas surrounding Nanjing. A home-visit questionnaire survey including a Chinese version of Achenbach's Child Behavior Checklist was used. The behavior problem profiles of children who were their parents' only children and those who had siblings were compared, revealing a significant difference between girls who were only children and those who had siblings. Girls who were only children tended to have slightly higher scores on the factors of depression, moody, and temper.
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Randomized Controlled Trial Comparative Study Clinical Trial
Trial of high-dose Edmonston-Zagreb measles vaccine in Guinea-Bissau: protective efficacy.
In a randomised study of 558 children in an urban African community, the protective effect of the Edmonston-Zagreb (EZ) measles vaccine given in a dose of 40,000 plaque forming units from the age of 4 months was compared with the effects of a standard dose (6000 tissue culture infectious units) of Schwarz measles vaccine given from the age of 9 months. During two years of follow-up, all 14 clinical cases of measles occurred in the Schwarz group; 10 of the children contracted measles before vaccination and 4 after measles vaccination. Thus the EZ vaccine provided significant protection against measles both before and after the usual age of vaccination. Among the children who were exposed to measles at home, those given EZ vaccine were better protected than either unvaccinated children or those given the Schwarz vaccine.
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Pregnancy histories of women interviewed as normal population controls during 1974-1981 in four case-control studies in the US and Canada were examined to identify risk factors for the occurrence of miscarriage. In total, 2,068 ever-gravid women aged 20-79 years at interview (mean age, 50.3 years) described 6,282 pregnancies, including 805 miscarriages. The roles of previous pregnancy history, age at pregnancy, and other factors were evaluated using relative risk binomial regression methods (similar to logistic regression). ⋯ Risk of miscarriage did not appear to be associated with years since previous pregnancy, height, weight or obesity, use of oral contraceptives within one year before pregnancy, or duration of oral contraceptive use. A slight increase in risk was seen for women who had ever regularly smoked cigarettes (relative risk = 1.14, 95 per cent confidence limits = 1.00, 1.30). Thus, the levels of risk of miscarriage found in this analysis are similar to those of previous studies, and the analytic methods suggest how age, obstetric history, and other factors can be simultaneously examined for associations with such risk.