Articles: child.
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Despite the high morbidity associated with glenohumeral dysplasia (GHD) in children with brachial plexus birth injuries, the progression of this condition often remains unnoticed, even after correcting for the underlying brachial plexus birth injuries. GHD, driven by a multifactorial process involving disruptions in both direct and indirect neural regulation of bony and muscular structures, can lead to intermittent or permanent shoulder mobility imbalances, significantly impacting the quality of life of those affected. Recent research efforts are increasingly directed toward identifying the root causes, managing the deformity, and determining effective treatment options for correcting GHD. ⋯ As research continues to focus on understanding the complexities of this condition, the aim of this review article is to summarize the current literature on the course of brachial plexus birth injury and the development of GHD. By doing so, we hope to provide neurosurgeons with the necessary knowledge and essential tools needed to identify and effectively treat GHD during management of brachial plexus birth injuries.
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Scabies is a common dermatological infection that globally affects more than 200 million people. It is caused by the parasite Sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis and its transmission primarily occurs through direct contact. Symptoms typically appear three to six weeks after infestation, with intense itching being the most characteristic manifestation. ⋯ Permethrin is recommended as the first-line treatment for children over two months, while ivermectin is used in more severe cases. Adherence to treatment and the disinfestation of clothing and bedding are crucial to prevent reinfestation. Early recognition and effective treatment are essential given its prevalence and significant impact on public health, particularly in pediatric populations.
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In this Review, we examine the concurrent outbreaks of mpox in Africa, focusing on clade 1a, the newly emerged clade 1b, and clade 2b lineage A, and how they differ from the 2022 global outbreak caused by clade 2b lineage B.1. Historically, clades 1a and 2a have caused sporadic, small outbreaks in central and west Africa, respectively, primarily through zoonotic transmission. Clade 2b first caused an outbreak in Nigeria in 2017, and later spread globally via sexual contact in 2022. ⋯ Tecovirimat, the primary antiviral during the 2022 outbreak, has shown reduced effectiveness against clade 1a in preliminary study results, whereas its efficacy against other clades is still under investigation. The modified vaccinia Ankara-Bavarian Nordic vaccine has been shown to be up to 90% effective against clade 2b after two doses and is safe for children, although its effectiveness drops to 20% when used as post-exposure prophylaxis. Given the evolving nature of the monkeypox virus, ongoing research and strong public health responses are key to managing potential future outbreaks.
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A recent Lancet Commission raised concerns about the management of child and adolescent pain. We aimed to undertake a comprehensive review of qualitative research to understand children and adolescent pain experiences across contexts. We used the 7 stages of meta-ethnography to synthesise findings. ⋯ We report 6 themes focusing on transition to adulthood: (1) I want to stay within the safety of home; (2) don't exclude me from my own care; (3) it might hurt but it's for my own good; (4) I rely on others but I want some independence; (5) I am no longer a child but I am not an adult yet; and (6) I wasn't prepared for the transfer to adult health care. Our findings focus on the complex transition into adulthood and the importance of creating a genuine healthcare partnership with young people by acknowledging their perspectives, creating a safe and supportive environment, and preparing them for the transition to adult pain care. Arts-based methods have the potential to make findings from qualitative evidence syntheses accessible and impactful for compassionate health care.
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Disease-a-month : DM · Jan 2025
ReviewTrafficking in the child and adolescent: Application of SAFETY and CARE for a global crisis of exploitation.
Human trafficking in the child and adolescent is a global public health crisis that can be divided into sex trafficking, labor trafficking and organ trafficking. This discussion considers basic terminology in this area, sociodemographic information on these victims, negative effects or repercussions from such egregious actions forced on the victims, issues of screening for healthcare providers based on specific risk factors/indicators, and information regarding screening tools as well as management principles for healthcare professionals. These trafficked persons are seen in varied practice settings such as primary care offices, emergency departments, street medicine operations, and others. ⋯ It is important that those involved in the care of trafficked victims understand the rights of these persons who are essentially hostages that need rescuing, and thus, employ a rights-based approach in dealing with these vulnerable children and youth. Culturally-sensitive concepts of prevention are considered as well to reduce this illegal, inhumane exploitation of our children and adolescents ubiquitously existing throughout the United States and the world. Indeed, there is much that clinicians and society can do to help these unfortunate minors who often feel hopeless and trapped in chaotic circumstances.