• Lee Jollans, Rory Boyle, Eric Artiges, Tobias Banaschewski, Sylvane Desrivières, Antoine Grigis, Jean-Luc Martinot, Tomáš Paus, Michael N Smolka, Henrik Walter, Gunter Schumann, Hugh Garavan, and Robert Whelan.
• School of Psychology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max-Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany.
• Neuroimage. 2019 Oct 1; 199: 351-365.

AbstractMachine learning is increasingly being applied to neuroimaging data. However, most machine learning algorithms have not been designed to accommodate neuroimaging data, which typically has many more data points than subjects, in addition to multicollinearity and low signal-to-noise. Consequently, the relative efficacy of different machine learning regression algorithms for different types of neuroimaging data are not known. Here, we sought to quantify the performance of a variety of machine learning algorithms for use with neuroimaging data with various sample sizes, feature set sizes, and predictor effect sizes. The contribution of additional machine learning techniques - embedded feature selection and bootstrap aggregation (bagging) - to model performance was also quantified. Five machine learning regression methods - Gaussian Process Regression, Multiple Kernel Learning, Kernel Ridge Regression, the Elastic Net and Random Forest, were examined with both real and simulated MRI data, and in comparison to standard multiple regression. The different machine learning regression algorithms produced varying results, which depended on sample size, feature set size, and predictor effect size. When the effect size was large, the Elastic Net, Kernel Ridge Regression and Gaussian Process Regression performed well at most sample sizes and feature set sizes. However, when the effect size was small, only the Elastic Net made accurate predictions, but this was limited to analyses with sample sizes greater than 400. Random Forest also produced a moderate performance for small effect sizes, but could do so across all sample sizes. Machine learning techniques also improved prediction accuracy for multiple regression. These data provide empirical evidence for the differential performance of various machines on neuroimaging data, which are dependent on number of sample size, features and effect size.Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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