• Jing-Ye Wu, Qiang Yuan, Ya-Jun Liu, Yu-Qing Sun, Yong Zhang, and Wei Tian.
• Department of Spine Surgery, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, China.
• Orthop Surg. 2019 Feb 1; 11 (1): 25-33.

ObjectivesPercutaneous transfacet screw fixation (pTSF) is a minimally invasive posterior fixation technique supplementing oblique lateral interbody fusion (OLIF) for lumbar spinal disorders. Accurate screw insertion is difficult to achieve and technically demanding under 2-D fluoroscopy. Recently developed robot-assisted spinal surgery demonstrated a high level of accuracy of pedicle screw insertion and a low complication rate. No published study has reported this combination technique. The aim of our study was to evaluate the accuracy and safety properties of the combination of both minimally invasive techniques: robot-assisted pTSF supplementing the OLIF procedure.MethodsThis was an experimental and prospective study. Selected consecutive patients with lumbar degenerative disorders received robot-assisted pTSF supplementing the OLIF procedure using the TianJi Robot system operated by one senior surgeon from March to October 2018. The accuracy of screw insertion and perioperative screw-related complications were evaluated. Assessment of the accuracy of screw insertion included intraoperative robotic guidance accuracy and incidence of screw encroachments. Intraoperative robotic guidance accuracy referred to translational and angular deviations of screws, which were assessed by comparing the planned and actual screw trajectories guided by the robot on reconstructed images using TianJi Robot Planning Software. Screw encroachments were evaluated on postoperative CT images and classified by a grading system (A, excellent; B, good; C, poor). Screw-related complications including intraoperative pin skidding, screw malposition and adjustment, together with postoperative neurological symptoms that correlated with screw malposition were recorded.ResultsTen patients, with an average age of 60.2 years, were selected and recruited in this study. All cases were degenerative lumbar spinal disorders, out of which there were 6 cases of Meyerding Grade I degenerative spondylolisthesis. Twenty-four transfacet screws were inserted by robotic assistance. Instrumented levels included nine segments at L4-5 level and three segments at L3-4 level. Two patients had both L4-5 and L3-4 level fixation. The average surgical time was 3.3 h (SD, 0.8 h). The mean blood loss was 90 mL (SD, 32 mL). Intraoperative guidance accuracy showed 1.09 ± 0.17 mm (ranging from 0.75 to 1.22 mm) translational deviation and 2.17° ± 0.39° (ranging from 1.47° to 2.54°) angular deviation. The gradings of screw encroachment were: 17 screws (71%) with Grade A, 6 screws (25%) with Grade B, and 1 screw (4%) with Grade C. Only one pin skidding occurred intraoperatively and revised subsequently. No postoperative neurological complications were found.ConclusionOur preliminary study of robot-assisted pTSF supplementing the OLIF procedure showed a high level of accuracy for screw insertion and this minimally invasive combination technique was found to be a feasible and safe procedure.© 2019 The Authors. Orthopaedic Surgery published by Chinese Orthopaedic Association and John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd.

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