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- Rozanne Kruger, Adrianna Jane Hepburn, Kathryn Louise Beck, Sarah McNaughton, and Welma Stonehouse.
- School of Sport, Exercise and Nutrition, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand. Electronic address: R.Kruger@massey.ac.nz.
- Nutrition. 2021 Nov 1; 91-92: 111468.
ObjectivesWe sought to develop and evaluate the relative validity of a dietary diversity questionnaire (DDQ) that reflects food-group diversity, food variety, and micronutrient adequacy among New Zealand women.MethodsA cross-sectional study included New Zealand women (Auckland based; ages 16-45 y, n = 101), completing a 7-d DDQ and 4-d weighed food record (reference method). The relative validity of the DDQ was evaluated by correlating nutritious and discretionary dietary diversity scores (DDSs; number of food groups) and food-variety scores (number of foods), calculated from both methods. The dietary mean adequacy ratio (MAR; micronutrient intakes relative to estimated average requirements) was calculated from the weighed food record and correlated to dietary diversity and food-variety scores from the DDQ to assess construct validity. Cross-tabulation was used to explore dietary diversity measures versus adequacy ratios. Significance was set at P < 0.05.ResultsThe median (interquartile range) DDSs (maximum 25) from the DDQ-23 (21-23)-and the weighed food record-18 (17-19)-were significantly correlated (rs = 0.33, P < 0.001), as were the food-variety scores (maximum 237)-respectively, 75 (61-87) and 45 (37-52) (rs = 0.22, P < 0.03). A mean (± SD) MAR of 0.94 ± 0.04 suggested a near-adequate diet, but one-third of foods consumed were from discretionary sources. Nutritious DDS was significantly correlated with MAR for micronutrients (rs = 0.20, P ≤ 0.05). An inverse trend was observed between discretionary DDS and MAR.ConclusionsThe DDQ is a quick, low-burden tool for describing nutritious and discretionary dietary diversity reflecting micronutrient adequacy in high-income settings. It requires further validation across different time frames, population groups, and settings.Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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