• Giana Zarbato Longo, OrdazKarla DiazKDFaculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK., Danielle Cristina Guimarães da Silva, Patrícia de Fragas Hinnig, Denise Miguel Teixeira Roberto, Camile Reinert, Gerda K Pot, and Luigi Palla.
• Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil. Electronic address: giana.zarbato@gmail.com.
• Nutrition. 2022 Jun 1; 98: 111626.

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to identify dietary patterns (DPs) and analyze their association with cardiovascular risk factors including metabolic biomarkers and markers of inflammation and oxidative stress in a cross-sectional population-based study with 959 Brazilian adults from Viçosa.MethodsFood consumption was assessed by food frequency questionnaire, and DPs were identified by principal component analysis. A self-administered questionnaire was applied to assess sociodemographic and behavioral variables.ResultsFour distinct DPs were identified: Western, Snacks and Processed Food, Healthy, and Traditional Brazilian. Comparing the highest to the lowest tertile of each DP: Snacks and Processed Food DP was associated with a significantly higher diastolic blood pressure (β = 2.81; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.48-5.14), waist circumference (β = 4.75; 95% CI, 2.77-6.73), body mass index (β = 1.65; 95% CI, 0.63-2.67), neck circumference (β = 0.74; 95% CI, 0.15-1.34), uric acid (β = 0.32; 95% CI, 0.13-0.51), and C-reactive protein (β = 0.31; 95% CI, 0.07-0.55). The Healthy DP was associated with lower Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR; β = -0.17; 95% CI, -0.34 to -0.008), lower tumor necrosis factor-α (odds ratio [OR] = 0.46; 95% CI, 0.26-0.84), lower interleukin (IL)-8 (OR = 0.50; 95% CI, 0.28-0.91), and lower catalase (OR = 0.36; 95% CI, 0.16-0.78). The Traditional Brazilian DP was associated with lower high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (β = -5.04; 95% CI, -7.60 to -2.48), non-HDL cholesterol (β: -10.25; 95% CI, -19.07 to -1.43), and superoxide dismutase (OR = 0.52; 95% CI, 0.32-0.87), and higher uric acid (β = 0.24; 95% CI, 0.01-0.48), IL-12p70 (OR = 2.55; 95% CI, 1.23-5.32), IL-1β (OR = 2.22; 95% CI, 1.01-4.89), IL-10 (OR = 2.03; 95% CI, 1.05-3.93), and ferric reducing ability of plasma (OR = 2.23; 95% CI, 1.16-4.27).ConclusionsThe Snacks and Processed Food DP was associated with increases in several risk factors for cardiovascular disease, and the Healthy DP with lower HOMA-IR scores, tumor necrosis factor-α, IL-8, and catalase. A diet based on rice and beans (Traditional Brazilian) may have a protective role against non-HDL cholesterol while presenting other risks related to inflammation and oxidative stress, as shown by a direct association with the interleukins IL-12p70, IL-1β, and IL-10 and an inverse association with superoxide dismutase.Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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