• Roman Roy, Benedict McDonaugh, and Kevin O'Gallagher.
• Cardiovascular Department, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London SE5 9RS, UK.
• Br. Med. Bull. 2022 Dec 12; 144 (1): 4114-11.

BackgroundThere is evidence for a bi-directional relationship between COVID-19 and the cardiovascular (CV) system.Source Of DataPublished literature.Areas Of AgreementPre-existing heart failure (HF) increases the risk of mortality with COVID-19. CV complications are recognized, including increased rates of acute coronary syndromes, HF, arrhythmia and myocarditis. Drugs targeting the angiotensin system are safe and may provide prognostic benefit.Areas Of ControversyVaccination as a cause of myocarditis remains a key area of contention.Growing PointsAs the pandemic progresses, we are gaining more data about the long-term effects of COVID-19 on the CV system: long COVID, and medium-to-long-term increases in CV risk.Areas Timely For Developing ResearchLarge-scale longitudinal studies will shed light on long-term CV outcomes with COVID-19. Furthermore, the differential effects of COVID-19 variants on the CV system must be investigated.© The Author(s) 2022. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.

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