• S H Chong, L A Burn, T K M Cheng, I S Warr, and J C Kenyon.
• Homerton College, University of Cambridge, Hills Rd, Cambridge CB2 8PH, UK.
• Br. Med. Bull. 2022 Dec 12; 144 (1): 124412-44.

BackgroundMultiple vaccine platforms against COVID-19 have been developed and found safe and efficacious at a record speed. Although most are effective, they vary in their ease of production and distribution, their potential speed of modification against new variants, and their durability of protection and safety in certain target groups.Sources Of DataOur discussion is based on published reports of clinical trials and analyses from national and global health agencies.Areas Of AgreementThe production of neutralizing antibodies against the viral spike protein is protective, and all vaccines for which published data exist have been found to be effective against severe disease caused by the viral strain they target.Areas Of ControversyThe degree to which vaccines protect against emerging variants, moderate disease and asymptomatic infection remains somewhat unclear.Growing PointsKnowledge of the duration of protection and its decay is increasing, and discussions of booster frequency and target strains are ongoing.Areas Timely For Developing ResearchThe global effort to combat transmission and disease continues to rely upon intense epidemiological surveillance, whilst real-world data and clinical trials shape vaccination schedules and formulae.© The Author(s) 2022. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.

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