• Michiyo Yamakawa, Keiko Wada, Masahiro Hayashi, Takayuki Ezaki, Yuma Nakashima, Chisato Nagata, and Yoshio Sumoto.
• Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan. Electronic address: yamakawa.michiyo.e1@f.gifu-u.ac.jp.
• Nutrition. 2023 Nov 1; 115: 112145112145.

ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to examine the associations between milk and dairy product intakes, intestinal bacteria, and respiratory infections in children of elementary school age and older in Japan.MethodsWe conducted cross-sectional surveys each year from 2013 to 2015 for grades 2, 5, and 8 students of an elementary and junior high school (n = 1020). Exclusion owing to ineligibility regarding data on dietary intake, respiratory infections, and intestinal bacteria led to 922 participants for the analyses. Dietary intake was assessed with a self-administered food frequency questionnaire. Respiratory infections occurring ≥ 4 episodes over the past year were determined based on the caregivers' reports. Intestinal bacteria (species and counts) were analyzed with real-time polymerase chain reaction. Logistic regression models were used to estimate the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% CIs.ResultsThe odds of ≥ 4 respiratory infection episodes decreased with higher milk intake after adjusting for potential confounders, and the ORs (95% CIs) for the second and third tertile categories, compared with the first tertile category, were 0.91 (0.58-1.42) and 0.48 (0.29-0.77), respectively (P for trend = 0.001). A decreasing trend in the ORs for lactic acid drink intake was observed only in those with a low count of intestinal Faecalibacterium prausnitzii.ConclusionsWe found that higher milk intake was inversely associated with respiratory infections in children older than preschool age. Higher lactic acid drink intake could be inversely associated only in children with a low F. prausnitzii count in the intestine.Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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