• Courtney Barnes, Sam McCrabb, Caitlin Bialek, Heidi Turon, Julia Dray, Megan Duffy, Cassandra Lane, Melanie Lum, Alison Brown, Jodie Doyle, and Luke Wolfenden.
• Population Health Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia; National Centre of Implementation Science, College of Health Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia; School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia; Hunter New-England Population Health, Hunter New England Local Health District Wallsend, NSW, Australia. Electronic address: Courtney.Barnes@health.nsw.gov.au.
• Prev Med. 2024 Apr 1; 181: 107895107895.

ObjectivesTo identify, characterise and broadly synthesise factors associated with child and adolescent electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) and/or electronic non-nicotine delivery systems (ENNDS) ever-use and/or current use.MethodsFour electronic databases were searched from inception to 3rd June 2022. Non-experimental studies that provided quantitative factors associated with adolescent and/or child ENDS or ENNDS ever-use and/or current use were included. Factors associated with ever-use (any lifetime use) and/or current use (use in past 30 days) were included. All screening and data extraction was conducted independently by paired review authors. Frequencies for country, study design, sample size, measure of ENDS/ENNDS use and factors examined were calculated. Factors were categorised according to the Theory of Triadic Influence domains and sub-domains.ResultsThe search of electronic databases identified 4756 records, 240 of which were included. The majority of studies examined factors categorised within the Biology and Personality domain of the Theory of Triadic Influence (89.2%; 95%CI 84.6, 82.5), followed by the Social Context (50.8%; 95%CI 44.5, 57.2) and Broader Environment domains (30.4%; 95%CI 24.6, 36.3). The proportion of factors significantly associated with ENDS/ENNDS use was >75% for the Behavioural (78.0%; factors included use of tobacco, other drugs and alcohol), Peer Attitudes and Behaviours (80.0%; factors included peer use of ENDS/ENNDS and tobacco), and Legislation/Policy sub-domains (78.6%; factors included accessibility and advertising).ConclusionsThe evidence base on factors associated with ENDS/ENNDS use in children and adolescents is rapidly developing, predominately by research concentrated in high income regions and focused on behavioural- and personality-related factors.Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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