• Saudi Med J · Feb 2025

    Risk factors for depression symptoms in adolescents: A population-based study.

    • Dewinda Candrarukmi, Fitri Hartanto, Tunjung Wibowo, Hari W Nugroho, Moh S Anam, Braghmandita W Indraswari, Qodri Santosa, and Nazliah Hanum.
    • From Indonesia Pediatric Society Central Java Branch (Candrarukmi, Hartanto, Nugroho, Anam, Santosa); from Indonesia Pediatric Society Yogyakarta Special Provence Branch (Wibowo, Indraswari, Hanum); from the Department of Child Health (Hartanto, Anam), Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Diponegoro, Central Java; from the Department of Child Health (Candrarukmi, Nugroho), Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Central Java; from the Department of Child Health (Wibowo, Indraswari), Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing Universitas Gadjah Mada/Dr. Sardjito General Hospital, Yogyakarta; from the Department of Child Health (Santosa), Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Jenderal Soedirman, Central Java; and from Indonesia Prambanan Distric Hospital (Hanum), Yogyakarta, Indonesia.
    • Saudi Med J. 2025 Feb 1; 46 (2): 190198190-198.

    ObjectivesTo ascertain the prevalence of depressive symptoms and identify related risk factors among adolescents.MethodsA cross-sectional survey was carried out using an online questionnaire completed by 1,413 adolescents from Central Java and Yogyakarta Provinces، Indonesia. The validated Indonesian version of the Children's Depression Inventory (CDI) was used to evaluate depressive symptoms.ResultsSymptoms of depression were identified in 28.5% of participants. Multivariate analysis revealed important risk factors, including female gender (OR 3.962, 95% CI 2.684-5.849), having mother who is a housewife (OR 4.155, 95% CI 1.424-12.126) or works in labor/farming/self-employment (OR 3.665, 95% CI 1.216-11.051), residing with a biological father (OR 5.386, 95% CI 1.458-19.894) or non-parental guardians (OR 1.826, 95% CI 1.059-3.146), and lack of siblings (OR 1.459, 95% CI 1.057-2.013). Behavioral factors such as abnormal sleep duration (<6 hours or >8 hours per night, OR 3.750, 95% CI 2.833-4.964), smoking (OR 4.272, 95% CI 2.110-8.649), frequent consumption of sugary beverages (>3 times/week, OR 2.472, 95% CI 1.623-3.765), and chronic illnesses requiring regular medication (OR 2.057, 95% CI 1.177-3.595) were also strongly linked to depressive symptoms.ConclusionThis study reveals the increased prevalence of depressive symptoms in adolescents and highlights the complex interplay of demographic, behavioral, and social determinants. Findings emphasize the necessity for targeted, evidence-based interventions to enhance adolescent mental health.Copyright: © Saudi Medical Journal.

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