• Jorge Alliende, Nicolas Giret, Ludivine Pidoux, Catherine Del Negro, and Arthur Leblois.
• Center for Neurophysics, Physiology and Pathologies (UMR CNRS 8119), Institute for Neuroscience and Cognition, Paris Descartes University, 45 rue des Saints Pères, 75006 Paris, France.
• Neuroscience. 2017 Sep 17; 359: 49-68.

AbstractThe plasticity of nervous systems allows animals to quickly adapt to a changing environment. In particular, seasonal plasticity of brain structure and behavior is often critical to survival or mating in seasonal climates. Songbirds provide striking examples of seasonal changes in neural circuits and vocal behavior and have emerged as a leading model for adult brain plasticity. While seasonal plasticity and the well-characterized process of juvenile song learning may share common neural mechanisms, the extent of their similarity remains unclear. Especially, it is unknown whether the basal ganglia (BG)-forebrain loop which implements song learning in juveniles by driving vocal exploration participates in seasonal plasticity. To address this issue, we performed bilateral lesions of the output structure of the song-related BG-forebrain circuit (the magnocellular nucleus of the anterior nidopallium) in canaries during the breeding season, when song is most stereotyped, and just after resuming singing in early fall, when canaries sing their most variable songs and may produce new syllable types. Lesions drastically reduced song acoustic variability, increased song and phrase duration, and decreased syntax variability in early fall, reverting at least partially seasonal changes observed between the breeding season and early fall. On the contrary, lesions did not affect singing behavior during the breeding season. Our results therefore indicate that the BG-forebrain pathway introduces acoustic and syntactic variability in song when canaries resume singing in early fall. We propose that BG-forebrain circuits actively participate in seasonal plasticity by injecting variability in behavior during non-breeding season.Copyright © 2017 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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