Nutrition
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The aim of this study is to develop predictive body fat mass models, one for newborns and one for infants, using air displacement plethysmography as a reference method. ⋯ This work determined equations to estimate the BFM of term newborns and infants. The models can be used in clinical practice, especially in health units without access to technologies for measuring body composition, adding important information for nutritional monitoring.
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Randomized Controlled Trial
Multispecies probiotic affects fecal short-chain fatty acids in postmenopausal women with obesity: A post hoc analysis of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.
Probiotics are known to regulate host metabolism. The aim of this study was to assess whether interventions with a multi-strain probiotic formula affect fecal short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). ⋯ Assessing long-term health benefits requires further research, including assessment of blood SCFA concentrations and multiomic and mechanistic approaches.
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The ketogenic diet (KD) is recommended to improve polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS); however, its mechanisms of action are unclear. We aimed to study the effects and mechanisms of action of the KD on the gut microbiome and metabolites in PCOS rats and determine whether the sex hormone regulatory effects are related to modulations of the gut microbiota and metabolites. ⋯ The KD improved the clinical phenotype and insulin resistance in PCOS rats and altered the composition of the gut microbiome and metabolites, which were associated with androgen metabolism, representing a potential mechanism for mediating the effects of the KD on sex hormone metabolism in PCOS. However, our study found contradictory effects of KD on the gut microbiome in PCOS, which need further research.
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This study was performed to assess the effects of long-term intake of a very high carbohydrate (VHCHO) diet (76% of total energy from carbohydrate [CHO]) on whole-body glucose tolerance and hepatic insulin resistance. ⋯ The results of the present study suggest that long-term intake of a VHCHO diet exerts differential effects on whole-body glucose tolerance and hepatic insulin resistance.
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Wasting in cancer patients has long been recognized as a condition that adversely affects cancer patients' quality of life, treatment tolerance, and oncological outcomes. Historically, this condition was mainly evaluated by changes in body weight. However, this approach is not quite accurate because body weight is the overall change of all body compartments. ⋯ Changes in body composition assessment in cancer patients have historically been underappreciated because of the limited availability of measurement tools. As more evidence highlighting the importance of body composition has emerged, it is imperative to apply a more precise evaluation of nutritional status and a more targeted approach to provide nutritional support for cancer patients. In this review, we will discuss the modalities for evaluating body composition and how to manage body composition changes in cancer patients.