Der Schmerz
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Reflex sympathetic dystrophy (RSD) is a disease of the extremities that can be elicited by different factors, occurring at different sites (e.g., trauma, herpes zoster, myocardial infarction). Independently of its etiology, however, the clinical symptoms of RSD are found most often in distal parts of the extremities affected (hand or foot). In a generalized distribution pattern, the following signs, representing a triad of autonomic, motoric and sensory disturbances, are commonly observed in these regions: 1. dysregulation of blood flow to the skin and of sweating, together with diffuse swelling, 2. impairment of movement and muscular strength; 3. diffuse sensory skin disturbances and spontaneous pain of ariable character (e.g., burning, throbbing, aching, shooting). ⋯ This excitation, in turn, maintains the abnormal vasoconstrictor outflow via reflex mechanisms, thus initiating a vicious circle. Sympatholytic therapy can interrupt the abnormal vasoconstrictor outflow, leading to increased venous return and reducing interstitial pressure and nociceptor activation (interruption of the vicious circle). If sympatholytic therapy is applied early, full recovery may occur.
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When treating a cancer patient with severe pain it is not sufficient to treat the cancer and the pain. Effective therapy must adhere to the principles of psychosomatic medicine, i.e., the disease, cancer, isnot treated, but instead a human being who is suffering from this disease, has severe, ongoing pain as a result, and is going to die. Irrespective of the question of whether the patient has been told his diagnosis or not, he will be in an extreme situation psychologically, as he instinctively suspects what is wrong with him. ⋯ If, however, they receive the proper guidance, they will live more consciously and more intensively. In the awareness of imminent death they can experience every day of their life as a gift. Care of terminally ill cancer patients with severe pain thus also must include a guided approach to death.
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Cardiac pain is a conscious experience that can be explored only indirectly with experimental approaches. The exact machanisms eliciting cardiac pain still remain obscure. The afferent fibres running in the cardiac sympathetic nerves are regarded as the essential pathway for the transmission of cardiac pain. ⋯ Ventricular sympathetic afferent fibres whether myelinated or unmyelinated, always possess some mechanosensitivity and respond to normal chemical and mechanical stimuli, thus displaying properties of polymodal receptors. Afferent vagal fibres may contribute to the mechanisms of cardiac nociception by modulating the threshold and characteristics of pain. Experimental studies identified three main mechanisms, which may be responsible for eliciting cardiac pain during ischemic periods in humans: a) nonphysiological motion of the ischemic left ventricular wall (bulging) and an excitation of mechanical receptors by passive stretching. b) The excitation of free sensory nerve endings by chemicals such as bradykinin, PGE(2), adenosin, histamin or potassium. c) A combination of a and b: algogenic chemicals may sensitize mechanical receptors and therefore lower their threshold for nociception.